Per Geijer, LKAB, Kiruna (Sweden)

Announced in January 2023, Per Geijer is the continent's largest known rare-earth deposit, but LKAB itself estimates 10 to 15 years before any production, between environmental permits and the rights of the Sami people. Above all, extracting the oxide does not resolve the chokehold: Europe has no separation capacity at scale, and the ore would still have to transit through the Chinese chain. Mining redundancy without chemical redundancy remains theoretical.