The table

604 records, 18 strata. Sort to read the structure by altitude, concentration or geography.

0Fragility spectrum · most records sit low, a tail runs critical100
604 rows
Altitude ↑CriticalityRecordFamilyStratumRoleGeographyConcentrationYear
Planetary chokepoint58◆Strait of HormuzFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointGolfe Persique≈20% of global liquid oil consumption2024
Planetary chokepoint78◆Strait of MalaccaFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointAsie du Sud-Est≈24% of all global maritime trade2024
Planetary chokepoint85◆Suez CanalFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointEgypt≈10–12% of maritime trade · ≈22% of containers2024
Planetary chokepoint48◆Panama CanalFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointPanama≈2.5–3% of global maritime trade2024
Planetary chokepoint29◆Bab-el-MandebFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointRed SeaSouthern gate of the Red Sea2024
Planetary chokepoint31◆Bosphorus and DardanellesFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointIstanbul, TurkeyThe Black Sea's only exit: grain and Russian oil2024
Planetary chokepoint48◆Cape of Good HopeFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointSouth AfricaSuez reroute, 10 to 14 extra days at sea2024
Planetary chokepoint43◆Taiwan StraitFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointTaiwan≈20% of the world container fleet passes through2022
Planetary chokepoint28◆Lombok and Sunda StraitsFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointIndonesiaThe only deep-draft alternative to Malacca2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆Strait of GibraltarFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointSpainMediterranean-Atlantic gate, = 100,000 ships/year2023
Planetary chokepoint28◆Red Sea submarine cablesFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointRed Sea≈16% of Asia-Europe Internet traffic in a corridor a few km wide2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆Luzon Strait (Bashi Channel)Flows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointPhilippinesCable route from Taiwan and Japan to Southeast Asia2023
Planetary chokepoint33◆Cable landing, MarseilleFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointMarseille, FranceLanding point for about fifteen Europe-Africa-Asia cables2024
Planetary chokepoint29◆Druzhba pipelineFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointMozyr, BelarusThe world's longest oil pipeline, Russian crude to Central Europe2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipelineFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointCeyhan, Turkey≈1 Mb/d of Caspian crude bypassing Russia and Hormuz2024
Planetary chokepoint29◆Sabine Pass LNG terminalFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointLouisiane, United StatesThe United States' top LNG export terminal2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆Malaszewicze-Brest gauge breakFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointMalaszewicze, Poland≈90% of China-EU rail freight changes gauge here2023
Planetary chokepoint28◆Khorgos dry portFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointKhorgos, KazakhstanChina-Kazakhstan land gate of the Belt and Road2023
Planetary chokepoint48◆Lobito CorridorFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointLobito, AngolaCopper and cobalt from the DRC and Zambia to the Atlantic2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆Guiana Space Centre, KourouFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointKourou, FranceEurope's autonomous access to space2024
Planetary chokepoint29◆Medgaz and Transmed pipelinesFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointBeni Saf, Algeria~40 bcm/yr of Algerian gas to Spain and Italy2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆East-West (Petroline) pipeline, Saudi ArabiaFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointYanbu, Saudi Arabia≈5 Mb/d capacity, from the Gulf to Yanbu (Red Sea)2024
Planetary chokepoint48◆Power of Siberia gas pipelineFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointBlagovechtchensk, Russie / Chine≈38 bcm/year at full capacity, Russian gas to China, no strait2025
Planetary chokepoint29◆Nord Stream gas pipeline (offline)Flows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointBornholm, Mer Baltique≈55 bcm/year per line, offline since the September 2022 sabotage2022
Planetary chokepoint66◆Port of Shanghai, YangshanFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeShanghai, China51.5 M TEU in 2024, world's leading port, 15th consecutive year2024
Planetary chokepoint31◆Port of Singapore, PSAFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeSingapour, Singapore41.1 M TEU in 2024, world's leading transshipment hub2024
Planetary chokepoint37◆Port of Rotterdam, MaasvlakteFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeRotterdam, Netherlands13.8 M TEU in 2024, Europe's leading port2024
Planetary chokepoint35◆Northern Sea Route, Russian ArcticFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● RedundancyMourmansk, Russia≈38 Mt of freight in 2024; 8 nuclear icebreakers in service, all Russian2024
Planetary chokepoint63◆Global network of submarine cablesFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeWorld≈570 active cables, ≈1.5 M km; ≈95–99% of intercontinental traffic2025
Planetary chokepoint57◆Egypt cable corridor, Zafarana / Ras GharebFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointZafarana, Egypt>90% of Europe–Asia data traffic; ≈17% of world internet traffic2024
Planetary chokepoint51◆Baltic Sea, infrastructure sabotage zoneFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● DependencyFinland / Estonia / Sweden / Germany≈10 cables and gas pipelines damaged between October 2023 and 20252025
Planetary chokepoint28◆Mozambique ChannelFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Maritime chokepointMozambique / MadagascarCape route: ≈11% of seaborne oil (2025); supertankers too large for a laden Suez transit2024
Planetary chokepoint49◆Port of Mundra (Adani, India)Flows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● DependencyMundra (Gujarat), India≈200 Mt of freight in 2024-25, India's largest commercial port (Adani)2024
Planetary chokepoint29◆Subsea interconnectors, Norway & North SeaFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeKristiansand, NorwayNordLink & North Sea Link (2 × 1,400 MW); 8,800 km subsea gas network2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆Port of Ningbo-ZhoushanFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeNingbo, China≈1.37 Gt of cargo, world's No. 1 (2024)2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆Los Angeles / Long Beach (San Pedro Bay)Flows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeLos Angeles, United States≈19.9M TEU, top US gateway (2024)2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆Port of Antwerp-BrugesFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeAnvers, Belgium278 Mt; Europe's largest chemical hub (2024)2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆Port of BusanFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeBusan, South Korea24.4M TEU; No. 2 transshipment hub (2024)2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆Hong Kong Airport (cargo)Flows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeHong Kong, China4.9 Mt of cargo, world's No. 1 (2024)2024
Planetary chokepoint28◆FedEx SuperHub, MemphisFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeMemphis, United States≈3.75 Mt; FedEx ≈95% of tonnage (2024)2024
Critical anchor17●International Group of P&I ClubsCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeLondres, United Kingdom≈90% of ocean-going tonnage covered (2024)2024
Critical anchor17●Open registries (Panama, Liberia, Marshall Is.)Compute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodePanama, Panama≈46.5% of world deadweight tonnage (2024)2024
Critical anchor17●Classification societies (IACS)Compute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeLondres, United Kingdom12 members ≈90% of world tonnage (2025)2025
Critical anchor17●Browser engine, Chromium (Google)Compute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeMountain View, United StatesChrome ~70% of the web; ~80% counting all Chromium browsers (Edge, Opera, Samsung)2024
Critical anchor17●Commodity trading (Glencore, Trafigura, Vitol)Compute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeGenève, SwitzerlandGlencore, Vitol, Trafigura and Mercuria are among the largest independent trading houses, moving a major share of oil and metals (Vitol/Trafigura lead oil, Glencore/Trafigura lead metals)2024
Critical anchor17●Cloud, AWS, Azure & GoogleCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeSeattle, United StatesAWS + Azure + Google Cloud ~63% of the global cloud market (AWS 29%, Azure 20%, Google 13%)2024
Critical anchor17●Mobile OS, Android & iOSCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeMountain View, United StatesAndroid + iOS ~99% of smartphones; Google/Apple duopoly2024
Critical anchor17●Search & advertising, GoogleCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeMountain View, United StatesGoogle ~90% of world web search; pillar of online advertising2024
Critical anchor17●App stores, App Store & PlayCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeCupertino, United StatesAndroid (~69%) and iOS (~31%) form a near-duopoly (>99%) of mobile OS — App Store + Google Play as the gateway for apps2024
Critical anchor17●Payment cards, Visa & MastercardCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeFoster City, United StatesOutside China, Visa + Mastercard are a near-duopoly of card payments; UnionPay is <1% of global purchase volume once China is excluded2024
Critical anchor18●Interbank messaging, SWIFTCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeLa Hulpe, BelgiumSWIFT links over 11,000 institutions across ~200 countries; backbone of cross-border payments2024
Critical anchor17▲DNS root & ICANNCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeLos Angeles, United States13 root-server identities (A through M), run by 12 operators, under IANA/ICANN governance — the internet's root directory2024
Critical anchor17●Credit rating agencies, Moody's, S&P, FitchCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeNew York, United StatesMoody's + S&P + Fitch hold ~95% of the global credit rating market (Moody's ~40%, S&P ~40%, Fitch ~15%)2024
Critical anchor17●Reinsurance, Munich Re & Swiss ReCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeMunich, GermanySwiss Re, Munich Re and Hannover Re are the global core of reinsurance — top 3 by 2024 gross premiums written (Swiss Re overtook Munich Re in 2024)2024
Critical anchor17●Derivatives markets, CME & ICECompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● Critical nodeChicago, United StatesCME (CBOT grains, NYMEX/WTI, rates) and ICE (Brent) set world reference prices for oil, grains and interest rates2024
Critical anchor17●155 mm shells, the WestFlows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● Critical nodeDüsseldorf, GermanyWestern 155mm shell shortage; EU/US capacity toward ~2M/year2024
Critical anchor17▲Propellants & nitrocelluloseFlows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● Critical nodeWimmis, SwitzerlandVery few nitrocellulose/propellant plants (Nitrochemie, Eurenco, BAE Radford)2024
Critical anchor17▲Military explosives (RDX, HMX, TNT)Flows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● Critical nodeKingsport (Holston), United StatesRDX/HMX: Holston (BAE) sole US site; TNT no longer made in USA (imported)2024
Critical anchor17●Para-aramid (Kevlar, Twaron)Flows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● Critical nodeRichmond, United StatesPara-aramid near-duopoly: Arclin (Kevlar, ex-DuPont) & Teijin (Twaron)2024
Critical anchor17●Air defense (Patriot, PAC-3)Flows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● Critical nodeGrand Prairie, United StatesPAC-3 (Lockheed Martin, Raytheon): ~620/yr, target 2,000/yr by 2030 — far below demand2024
Critical anchor17●Submarines (Electric Boat, Naval Group, TKMS)Flows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● Critical nodeGroton, United StatesHandful of shipyards (Electric Boat, Naval Group, TKMS, BAE); nuclear subs: 6 countries2024
Critical anchor17●Night vision & image-intensifier tubesFlows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● Critical nodeRoanoke, United StatesImage intensifier tubes: 3-4 makers (L3Harris, Elbit, Exosens/Photonis)2024
Critical anchor17■Nuclear deterrence & tritiumFlows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● Critical nodeAiken (Savannah River), United StatesUSA+Russia ~86-90% of warheads; tritium regenerated (Savannah River Site)2024
Critical anchor17■IMEC: the shared lab where rivals co-invent future nodesCompute & DigitalKnowledge & patentsIF 74● Critical nodeLouvain (Heverlee), BelgiumRevenue ~EUR 1.03 billion; more than 5,500 employees; more than 600 partner companies (2024)2024
Critical anchor17●5G standard-essential patents: the invisible toll on every deviceCompute & DigitalKnowledge & patentsIF 74● Critical nodeSophia Antipolis, International (declarations a l'ETSI, Sophia Antipolis, France)The leading holders (Huawei, Qualcomm, Samsung, LG, Ericsson, Nokia) hold the bulk of the ~66,000 active granted 5G SEP families; the top 10 own ~75%2021
Critical anchor17●CRISPR-Cas9 foundational patents: two blocs, contested ownershipCompute & DigitalKnowledge & patentsIF 74● Critical nodeCambridge (Massachusetts), Etats-Unis2 blocs of foundational patents (Broad Institute vs UC Berkeley/CVC); interference decided for Broad in 2022, remanded for reconsideration by the Federal Circuit in May 20252025
Critical anchor17●Frontier AI labs: capital, talent and compute concentratedCompute & DigitalKnowledge & patentsIF 74● Critical nodeSan Francisco, Etats-Unis / Royaume-UniOpenAI ~1.7M H100e (1.9 GW) end-2025; together with Anthropic (~1M+ H100e), the two labs hold ~15% of global operational AI compute (Epoch AI estimate)2025
Critical anchor18●Ammonium perchlorate, American Pacific, Cedar CityFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeCedar City (Utah), United StatesThe only AP producer in the United States; +50% capacity ($100M expansion, 2025)2025
Critical anchor19●Aerospace carbon fibre, TorayFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeTokyo, JapanWorld leader in structural carbon fibre; Japanese oligopoly (Toray / Teijin / Mitsubishi)2024
Critical anchor25●Radiation-hardened chips, BAE Systems, ManassasFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeManassas (Virginie), United StatesPrimary US government source for hardened processors; RAD750/RAD5545, >200 missions2024
Critical anchor21●SpaceX engines, Merlin & RaptorFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeMcGregor (Texas), United StatesRaptor (methalox): reusable engine produced in series; Merlin powers Falcon 92025
Critical anchor24●SpaceX, Falcon 9 & orbital launchFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeHawthorne (Californie), United States≈84% of world mass put in orbit (2024); ≈134 orbital launches2024
Critical anchor26●Starlink, SpaceXFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeRedmond (Washington), United States>7,000 active satellites mid-2025; ≈60% of all active satellites in orbit2025
Critical anchor44●GPS & GNSS, Space Force / global constellationFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeSchriever SFB (Colorado), United States31-32 operational satellites; last GPS III delivered (2025), 9 in orbit2025
Critical anchor21■Deep Space Network, NASA / JPLFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeGoldstone (Californie), United States3 complexes (Goldstone, Madrid, Canberra); network over-subscribed by ≈40%2024
Critical anchor17●BeiDou (BDS)Flows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodePékin, China≈45 satellites; 100% availability (2024)2024
Critical anchor17●Earth-observation satellites (Maxar, Airbus)Flows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeWestminster, United StatesMaxar, Airbus DS, Planet: very-high-resolution satellite imagery (30 cm native) held by a handful of Western operators2024
Critical anchor17●Space solar cells (triple-junction)Flows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeAlbuquerque, United StatesTriple-junction GaAs cells (Boeing Spectrolab, Rocket Lab/SolAero, Azur Space): oligopolistic ~$1.5B/yr market, very narrow global supply2024
Critical anchor17●The Boeing / Airbus duopolyFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeToulouse (Airbus) ; Renton, Everett (Boeing), France, États-Unis766 aircraft delivered by Airbus and 348 by Boeing in 2024 ; backlogs of 8,658 (Airbus) and >5,500 (Boeing) aircraft2024
Critical anchor17●Civil jet engines: CFM, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-RoyceFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● Critical nodeEvendale/Cincinnati (GE) ; Villaroche (Safran) ; East Hartford (P&W) ; Derby (Rolls-Royce), États-Unis, France, Royaume-UniCFM over 60% of the single-aisle fleet ; LEAP chosen on ≈75% of A320neo orders (2024) ; GE installed base ≈45,000 civil engines2024
Critical anchor20▲6-APA & antibiotics, ChinaLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeShijiazhuang, China≈80-90% of the world's antibiotic APIs; ≈90% of 6-APA capacity, 5 of the 7 global sites2024
Critical anchor22●Generic APIs, China & IndiaLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeTaizhou (Zhejiang), ChinaChina + India ≈66% of generic APIs (volume); ≈22.6% of EU API imports come from China2024
Critical anchor23■Paracetamol, China (Hebei)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeHengshui (Hebei), China0 sites in North America or the EU; ≈13 Chinese producers, last European site closed in 20082024
Critical anchor20■Heparin, porcine mucosa (China)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeChangzhou (Jiangsu), China≈80% of global supply and 74% of US supply derived from porcine mucosa, mostly Chinese2024
Critical anchor21●Borosilicate glass, Schott (Mainz)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeMayence, GermanySchott >230,000 t/yr of pharma glass; Type I borosilicate tubing concentrated across ≈4 producers (exact share unverified)2024
Critical anchor19●WuXi Biologics, WuxiLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeWuxi, China≈209 new projects signed in 2025, half for US clients; backlog ≈$23.7bn2025
Critical anchor18■Molybdenum-99, HFR PettenLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodePetten, NetherlandsHFR Petten ≈30% of global Mo-99; a handful of ageing research reactors2025
Critical anchor20●Novo Nordisk, Kalundborg (Denmark)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeKalundborg, DenmarkWorld's largest insulin plant; ≈1.6M m², ≈4,400 employees; dominant semaglutide API site2025
Critical anchor22●Catalent, fill-finish (Bloomington)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeBloomington (Indiana), United StatesAcquired by Novo Holdings for $16.5bn (Dec. 2024); 3 sites resold to Novo Nordisk for $11bn2024
Critical anchor48■Drug shortages, FDA / EMA / WHOLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeGenève, InternationalHundreds of drugs simultaneously in shortage in the United States and the EU (post-2023 records)2025
Critical anchor18■Iodinated contrast media, GE HealthCare (Shanghai)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeShanghai, ChinaOmnipaque + Visipaque ≈50% of the US contrast market; a single site2022
Critical anchor17●Insulin (Novo, Lilly, Sanofi)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeBagsværd, Denmark3 firms ≈96% of world volume (2024)2024
Critical anchor17●Lipid nanoparticles (messenger RNA)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeVancouver, CanadamRNA vaccines rely on lipid nanoparticles whose ionizable lipids are locked by patents (Acuitas, Genevant, Arbutus); Moderna settled the litigation in 2026 (~$950M)2024
Critical anchor17●Viral vectors (gene therapy)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeOxford, United KingdomGene therapies depend on viral vectors (AAV, lentivirus) made by very few CDMOs: 5 leaders ≈ 1/3 of world capacity, ~50% in the US2024
Critical anchor17■Vaccine adjuvants & Chilean soapbarkLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeSantiago, ChilePotent adjuvants (QS-21, Matrix-M) come from Chilean soapbark; Desert King is effectively the only GMP human-vaccine-grade supplier2024
Critical anchor17■Plasma & immunoglobulinsLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeBoca Raton, United StatesUS ~70% of the world's collected plasma; CSL, Grifols, Takeda process most of it2024
Critical anchor17●Single-use bioreactors & bagsLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeUppsala, SwedenCytiva, Sartorius, Thermo Fisher, Merck: global core of single-use bioreactors and bags (Sartorius/Thermo/Cytiva trio ≈45% of the market)2024
Critical anchor17●Chromatography resins (Protein A)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeMarlborough, United StatesAntibody-purifying Protein A resins are held by very few suppliers (Cytiva/Danaher ~35%, Merck ~16%, Repligen ~14%)2024
Critical anchor36■Seqens, Villeneuve-la-Garenne siteLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeVilleneuve-la-Garenne, FranceA fine-chemicals pharmaceutical site of about 150 employees where Seqens has inaugurated a highly potent active-ingredient workshop. Seqens is one of Europe's leading API producers, with 12 sites in France.2024
Critical anchor18●Novacyl, aspirin and salicylic acidLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeSaint-Fons, FranceNovacyl (Novacap group) is presented as the world leader in aspirin and salicylic acid, with workshops in Saint-Fons and Roussillon. A global market share of about 40 % is reported by the press.2024
Critical anchor36■EuroAPI, Vertolaye siteLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeVertolaye, FranceA multi-product site of EuroAPI, a Sanofi spin-off listed on the stock market in 2022, specializing in corticosteroids, opiates and hormones. Vertolaye is among the sites retained in the 2024 restructuring plan.2024
Critical anchor18■Sanofi, Sisteron chemical siteLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeSisteron, FranceOne of Sanofi's main sites for chemical synthesis of active ingredients, integrated into the group's chemistry platform alongside Aramon and Mourenx. About 70 M€ of investment announced by 2026 to modernize and decarbonize its APIs in France.2024
Critical anchor18■Axplora (Novasep), Mourenx siteLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeMourenx, FranceAn Axplora site, heir to Novasep, a pioneer of preparative chromatography for API manufacturing. The Mourenx site has received a 50 M€ investment for GLP-1 contract manufacturing.2024
Critical anchor18■Minakem, Beuvry-la-Forêt siteLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● Critical nodeBeuvry-la-Forêt, FranceA CDMO site of Minakem (Minafin group) specializing in the development of synthesis routes and the manufacture of APIs and highly potent active ingredients. A 40 M€ investment funds a new workshop.2024
Critical anchor40▲Chlor-alkali, chlorine-caustic electrolysisMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeShandong, ChinaChina ≈30 Mt of caustic soda in 2024; membrane cells ≈60% of production2024
Critical anchor21●Industrial gases, Air Liquide & LindeMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeParis, France / Germanyoligopoly: Linde ≈27–30%, Air Liquide ≈22–24%, Air Products ≈12–15% of the world market2024
Critical anchor26●Process catalysts, Grace, BASF, TopsoeMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeColumbia (Maryland), United States / Germany / DenmarkGrace + BASF ≈40% of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC); iron/ruthenium for Haber-Bosch2024
Critical anchor21●MDI/TDI isocyanates, Wanhua, BASF, CovestroMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeYantai (Shandong), ChinaTop 5 ≈85–89% of MDI; Wanhua ≈1/3; world MDI capacity ≈10.4 Mt/yr2024
Critical anchor27●PVDF & fluoropolymers, Arkema & KurehaMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodePierre-Bénite, France / Japantop 5 ≈63% of the market (2025); China ≈61% of consumption (battery binders)2025
Critical anchor23●Carbon fibre, Toray (Japan)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeEhime, JapanToray > 50% of the PAN fibre market; aerospace backbone (Boeing 787)2024
Critical anchor21●PGM catalytic converters, Johnson Matthey, UmicoreMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeLondres, United Kingdom / Belgium4 players > 70% of three-way catalysts; platinum, palladium, rhodium2024
Critical anchor20▲Fluorspar & hydrofluoric acid, ChinaMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeMongolie-Intérieure, ChinaChina ≈62% of world fluorspar (5.9 of 9.5 Mt, 2024); US 100% net importer2024
Critical anchor18▲Natural rubber, ThailandMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeSud thaïlandais (Surat Thani), ThailandThailand ≈36% of global natural rubber (≈4.85 Mt, 2024); Thailand+Indonesia+Vietnam ≈70%2024
Critical anchor17●Bromine (Dead Sea, ICL)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeSedom, Israel≈735 kt/yr; top 4 >80% of capacity (2024)2024
Critical anchor17●Lubricant additives (Lubrizol, Infineum)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeWickliffe, United StatesLubrizol, Infineum, Chevron Oronite, Afton: ~85% of lubricant additives2024
Critical anchor17●Reverse-osmosis membranes (desalination)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeOsaka, JapanToray, DuPont (~20%), Nitto/Hydranautics, LG Chem: top 5 ~60% of RO market2024
Critical anchor17▲White phosphorus (P4), ChinaMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeGuizhou, ChinaChina vast majority of elemental phosphorus P4 (>60%, often 70-85%)2024
Critical anchor17▲Methanol, China (coal)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeOrdos, Mongolie-Intérieure, ChinaChina ~60% of global methanol output (coal-based)2024
Critical anchor17■Polyester & PTA, ChinaMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeNingbo, Zhejiang, ChinaChina ~70% of polyester fibre; ~50% of world PTA2024
Critical anchor17●Suzano & wood pulp, BrazilMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeRibas do Rio Pardo, BrazilBrazil ≈ 18.6 Mt of pulp exported in 2024, world's top exporter ; Suzano 13.5 Mt/yr, ≈ 1/3 of short-fibre pulp2024
Critical anchor17■Softwood lumber, CanadaMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeVancouver, CanadaCanada ≈ 23.6 Mm³ of softwood lumber exported (Jan-Sep 2023), ≈ 90 % to the US ; Russia ≈ 15 Mm³2023
Critical anchor17■Cement, ChinaMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodePékin, China≈1,900 Mt of cement in 2024, close to half the world total (≈4,100 Mt, USGS)2024
Critical anchor17■Flat glass (float), ChinaMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeShahe (Hebei), ChinaChina ~50%+ of global flat glass2024
Critical anchor17■Polyolefins (PE + PP)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeBlocs de capacité (Golfe américain, Golfe persique, Chine), Chine, Moyen-Orient, États-UnisPE ~110 Mt + PP ~80-90 Mt ≈ 190-200 Mt/yr of polyolefins2024
Critical anchor44■Arkema, Pierre-Bénite siteMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodePierre-Bénite, FranceHistoric production site for Kynar PVDF, a fluoropolymer used as a cathode binder and separator coating for lithium-ion batteries. Kynar capacity increased by 50 % and about 50 M€ invested in battery R&D.2024
Critical anchor30●Air Liquide, Electronics businessMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeParis, FranceSupplier of ultra-pure gases (nitrogen, hydrogen) and advanced molecules for semiconductor manufacturing, including the Voltaix and ALOHA deposition precursors and the enScribe etch agents.2025
Critical anchor21■Aubert & Duval, Les Ancizes siteMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeLes Ancizes-Comps, FranceA site producing special steels and superalloys for aerospace and defense, acquired in 2022 by Airbus, Safran and Tikehau. In early 2025, the casting of a 50-tonne crucible for a component of the future aircraft carrier.2025
Critical anchor18■Wacker Chemie, Burghausen polysiliconMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● Critical nodeBurghausen, GermanyIn 2025 Wacker is bringing a new line (~300 M€) online in Burghausen that increases its capacity for ultra-pure semiconductor-grade polysilicon by about 50 %. The group presents itself as the only European producer of this material.2025
Critical anchor20●Norilsk NickelMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeNorilsk, Russia~40% of world palladium; leading producer of class-1 nickel2024
Critical anchor41▲Boké bauxiteMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeBoké, GuineaGuinea ~1st bauxite exporter in the world; ~65% of Chinese imports2024
Critical anchor17■Beryllium, Spor Mountain (Materion)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeUtah, United States~65% of world beryllium supply (2024, USGS)2024
Critical anchor17●Rhenium, MolymetMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeNos, ChileChile ~54% of world rhenium, a molybdenum by-product (2024, USGS)2024
Critical anchor17■Arsenic, copper and lead by-product (Yunnan)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeGejiu, ChinaChina ~70% of world arsenic, a metallurgical by-product (2024, USGS)2024
Critical anchor18▲Tungsten, Ganzhou, JiangxiMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeGanzhou, China≈80% of world extraction; export controls since February 20252025
Critical anchor18▲Antimony, Lengshuijiang, HunanMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeLengshuijiang, Chinaprice ×3 in 2024 (≈$13,000 → ≈$40,000/t); Chinese exports −97%2024
Critical anchor29●CBMM, Araxá, Minas GeraisMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeAraxá, Brazil≈80% of world niobium supply from a single company2024
Critical anchor41▲Fluorspar, Quzhou, ZhejiangMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeQuzhou, ChinaChina ≈40-60% of world fluorspar production (sources diverge)2024
Critical anchor18■Magnesium metal, Yulin, ShaanxiMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeYulin, ChinaChina ≈90% of world primary magnesium; Yulin ≈60% of Chinese production2024
Critical anchor53■Aluminium smelting, Binzhou, ShandongMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeBinzhou, ChinaChina ≈56-60% of world smelting capacity; national cap 45 Mt/year2024
Critical anchor30■Helium, Ras Laffan, QatarMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeRas Laffan, Qatar≈25-33% of world helium supply from a single complex2024
Critical anchor37■Spherical graphite, Jixi, HeilongjiangMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeJixi, China>99% of world graphite spheronisation in China; licences since Dec. 20232024
Critical anchor37■High-purity manganese sulphate, GuangxiMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeNanning, ChinaChina ≈95% of world HPMSM refining (battery grade)2024
Critical anchor21●Framatome zirconium-hafnium, Jarrie, IsèreMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeJarrie, FranceFrance ≈49% of world hafnium production (2024)2024
Critical anchor23●Siemens Healthineers Magnet Technology, Eynsham, OxfordshireMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeEynsham, United Kingdoma major share of MRI superconducting magnets from a single site2024
Critical anchor18●Comilog, Moanda (Gabon)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeMoanda, Gabon≈25% of global production (4.6 Mt, 2024); 2nd producer2024
Critical anchor18▲Chromite, eastern Bushveld (South Africa)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeSteelpoort, South Africa≈48% of global chrome ore (21 Mt, 2024); >72% of reserves2024
Critical anchor18▲Coltan, Rubaya, North Kivu (DR Congo)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeRubaya (Nord-Kivu), DR CongoDRC ≈42-51% of global tantalum (2024); DRC + Rwanda ≈58%2024
Critical anchor17●Silver, Fresnillo & Zacatecas (Mexico)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeFresnillo (Zacatecas), MexicoMexico leading world silver producer (≈6,300 t, 2024); ≈25% of supply2024
Critical anchor21▲Tin, Bangka-Belitung (PT Timah)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeBangka-Belitung, IndonesiaIndonesia 2nd global tin producer, 1st exporter; ≈90% of supply from Bangka2024
Critical anchor18▲Weipa, bauxite (Queensland, Australia)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeWeipa (Queensland), AustraliaLargest bauxite mine in the world; ≈20% of world production (Rio Tinto, 2023)2024
Critical anchor18▲Kiruna iron ore, LKABMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeKiruna, Sweden≈80% of the EU's iron ore; ≈22.7 Mt produced in 2024 (−13%)2024
Critical anchor17■Titanium sponge, ChinaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeZunyi, Guizhou, ChinaChina #1 world titanium sponge producer (~68%)2024
Critical anchor17▲Iodine, Chile (Atacama, SQM)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeAtacama, ChileChile ~2/3 of world iodine (Atacama desert nitrates)2024
Critical anchor17■Cobalt refining, ChinaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeGanzhou, ChinaChina ~75-80% of world refined cobalt2024
Critical anchor17■Nickel refining, China & IndonesiaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeJinchang, ChinaChina + Indonesia dominate battery-nickel refining2024
Critical anchor17■Ferrochrome, South AfricaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeRustenburg, South AfricaSouth Africa world's #1 chromite producer (~45%)2024
Critical anchor17■Ferroalloys, China (ferrosilicon, silicomanganese)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeMongolie-Intérieure, ChinaChina ~60% of world ferroalloys2024
Critical anchor17■Silicon metal, ChinaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeYunnan, ChinaChina ~80% of world silicon (silicon materials)2024
Critical anchor17●Alrosa & De Beers, rough diamondsMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeMirny, RussiaRussia ≈ 37.3 Mct produced in 2023 (33 % of the world's 111.5 Mct) ; Alrosa ≈ 34.6 Mct, ≈ 31 % of output2023
Critical anchor17■Gallium, ChinaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeZhengzhou (Henan), ChinaChina ≈99% of world primary gallium production (USGS 2024)2024
Critical anchor17■Germanium, ChinaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeKunming (Yunnan), ChinaChina leading world producer and exporter of germanium (limited global data, USGS 2024)2024
Critical anchor17■Bismuth, ChinaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeChangsha (Hunan), ChinaChina ≈81% of world refinery bismuth production (USGS 2024)2024
Critical anchor17●Crude steel, China (China Baowu)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeShanghai, China≈1,005 Mt of crude steel in 2024, ≈53% of the world total (1,882 Mt); China Baowu is the top steelmaker (≈130 Mt)2024
Critical anchor17■Gold refining, Ticino (Switzerland)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● Critical nodeMendrisiotto (Tessin), Switzerland≈65-70% of the world's gold refined (estimate; ≈2,372 t imported in 2023)2023
Critical anchor21■Russian wheat, Black SeaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeRostov-sur-le-Don, Russia~24% of world wheat exports (2023/24)2024
Critical anchor18●Belaruskali, SoligorskLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeSoligorsk, Belarus≈17-20% of the world market before sanctions; production −60% in 20222022
Critical anchor19▲OCP, Khouribga (Morocco)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeKhouribga, Morocco≈68-70% of the world's phosphate rock reserves (USGS)2024
Critical anchor19●Bayer Crop Science, Monheim (Germany)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeMonheim am Rhein, Germany≈56% of the global seed market across 4 groups; Bayer alone ≈23%2025
Critical anchor18●Vitamins & additives, Zhejiang (China)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeShaoxing, China≈80% of global vitamin production; >80% for B1, B6, B9, B12, C, biotin2025
Critical anchor25■Black Sea grain, Odesa (Ukraine)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeOdesa, Ukraine≈30% of global wheat exports (Ukraine + Russia); 32.9 Mt shipped 2022-20232023
Critical anchor51■Rice, India (export policies)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeNew Delhi, India≈33-40% of global rice exports; non-basmati ban July 2023 – Sept. 20242023
Critical anchor28■Palm oil, Dumai / Riau (Indonesia)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeDumai, IndonesiaIndonesia + Malaysia: ≈85% of world production (Indonesia ≈60%)2022
Critical anchor60●ABCD traders, Cargill, MinneapolisLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeMinneapolis, United States≈60% of global grain and oilseed volumes traded (540 Mt in 2022)2022
Critical anchor19■Soybean, Mato Grosso (Brazil)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeMato Grosso, BrazilBrazil leading world exporter (≈105 Mt, 2024/25); Mato Grosso ≈28% of the harvest2024
Critical anchor19■Soybean complex, Gran Rosario (Argentina)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeRosario / San Lorenzo (Santa Fe), ArgentinaLeading world exporter of meal (≈29 Mt) and soybean oil (≈42% of trade)2024
Critical anchor18■Cocoa, Côte d'IvoireLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeSan-Pédro, Ivory Coast≈45% of world cocoa; leading producer; with Ghana ≈60% of world supply2024
Critical anchor18■Cocoa, GhanaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeKumasi, Ghana2nd world producer; 2023/24 harvest nearly halved2024
Critical anchor18■Coffee, Brazil & VietnamLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeMinas Gerais / Tây Nguyên, Brazil / VietnamBrazil ≈37% + Vietnam ≈17-18% ≈ more than half of world coffee (2024/25)2024
Critical anchor18■Farmed salmon, NorwayLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeBergen, Norway≈50% of the world's farmed Atlantic salmon; ≈1.2 Mt exported in 20232024
Critical anchor17●Cocoa grinding, Netherlands & Barry CallebautLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeAmsterdam, NetherlandsBarry Callebaut, Cargill & Olam ≈55-60% of world grinding; Netherlands top cocoa importer/port2024
Critical anchor17■Almonds, CaliforniaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeFresno, United StatesCalifornia ~80% of the world's almonds2023
Critical anchor17■Sunflower oil, Ukraine & RussiaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeKropyvnytskyï, UkraineUkraine + Russia ~half of production and most of world sunflower-oil exports2023
Critical anchor17■Robusta coffee, VietnamLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeBuôn Ma Thuột, VietnamVietnam #1 robusta producer (~40% of global output)2023
Critical anchor17■Rice, India (world exports)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodePendjab, IndiaIndia ~40% of world rice exports, top exporter2023
Critical anchor17■Gum arabic, Sudan (Sahel belt)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeEl Obeid, SoudanSudan majority of world gum arabic (~70-80%)2023
Critical anchor17●Seeds, Corteva & BayerLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeJohnston, Iowa, United StatesBayer, Corteva, Syngenta ~½ of world seed and pesticide market2024
Critical anchor17■Orange juice, Brazil (Sao Paulo)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeRibeirão Preto, São Paulo, BrazilBrazil ~70% of the world's exported concentrated orange juice2023
Critical anchor17■Vanilla, Madagascar (Sava)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeSambava, MadagascarMadagascar #1 vanilla producer (~40% of volume, FAOSTAT 2023)2023
Critical anchor17●Brazilian beef and JBS, the animal-protein colossusLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeSão Paulo, Brazil~20% of world beef exports (2023); JBS, the largest meat processor, US$72.9 billion net revenue (2023)2023
Critical anchor17●New Zealand milk and FonterraLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeAuckland, Nouvelle-ZélandeNew Zealand ≈world's leading dairy exporter; Fonterra ≈30% of global dairy trade (FAO 2023)2023
Critical anchor17■Chinese pork, heart of food securityLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeChengdu, Sichuan, ChinaChina ≈48% of world pork production (USDA 2023)2023
Critical anchor17■World chicken, cheap proteinLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeCuritiba, Paraná, BrazilBrazil ≈35% and United States ≈2nd of world chicken exports (USDA 2023)2023
Critical anchor17■Tea, China and IndiaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeHangzhou, Zhejiang, ChinaChina ≈43% and India ≈20% of world tea production (FAO 2023)2023
Critical anchor17■Ecuador bananas, the most-exported fruitLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeGuayaquil, ÉquateurEcuador ≈world's leading banana exporter, ≈¼ of exports (FAO 2023)2023
Critical anchor17■Chinese tobacco and the CNTC monopolyLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeKunming, Yunnan, ChinaChina ≈⅓ of world tobacco; CNTC ≈97% of the domestic market, state monopoly (FAO 2023)2023
Critical anchor17■Spanish olive oil, AndalusiaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeJaén, Andalousie, SpainSpain ≈45 to 50% of world olive oil (IOC 2023)2023
Critical anchor17■Corn, Corn Belt (United States)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeDes Moines (Iowa), United States≈377 Mt of corn in 2024/25, ≈31% of world production; world's largest exporter2024
Critical anchor17■Sugar, Brazil (Center-South)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeRibeirão Preto (São Paulo, Centre-Sud), Brazil≈34 Mt exported, ≈54% of world sugar exports (2025/26)2025/26
Critical anchor17■Cotton, the global beltLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● Critical nodeCotton Belt (Lubbock, Texas), Chine, Inde, États-Unis, BrésilChina ≈29%, India ≈19%, Brazil ≈16%, US ≈11% of production (2025/26)2025/26
Critical anchor17●CIMC, container manufacturingMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeShenzhen, China≈56% of dry marine containers (2024)2024
Critical anchor17●Ophthalmic optics, EssilorLuxotticaMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeCharenton-le-Pont, FranceEssilorLuxottica dominates optics: ~20% of the combined global lens+eyewear market, leader in corrective lenses and frames (Ray-Ban, Oakley, luxury licenses)2024
Critical anchor17●Machine tools, Germany (Trumpf, DMG Mori)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeDitzingen, GermanyGermany is the world's #2 machine-tool exporter (~16-17%), behind China; Trumpf is the world market leader in industrial lasers2024
Critical anchor17●Machine tools, Japan (Mazak, Okuma)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeNagoya, JapanJapan is the world's #3 machine-tool exporter (~14%), behind China (~22%) and Germany (~17%) — no longer #1 or #22024
Critical anchor17●Industrial robotics, Fanuc (Japan)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeOshino, JapanJapan supplies ~45% of global industrial robot production (world #1, IFR); Fanuc and Yaskawa among the top makers2024
Critical anchor17●Bearings, SKF & SchaefflerMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeGöteborg, SwedenSKF, Schaeffler, NSK, NTN and Timken (plus JTEKT) lead the global bearings market2024
Critical anchor17●Rolling stock, CRRC (China)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodePékin, ChinaCRRC, world's largest rolling stock maker by revenue (~CNY 246bn in 2024), ahead of Alstom and Siemens2024
Critical anchor17●Telecom equipment, Huawei (China)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeShenzhen, ChinaHuawei ~31% of the global telecom equipment market in 2024, #1 (Dell'Oro)2024
Critical anchor17●Gas turbines (GE, Siemens, Mitsubishi)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeGreenville, United StatesGE Vernova, Siemens Energy and Mitsubishi Power hold about two-thirds of the global heavy-duty gas turbine market2024
Critical anchor17●Farm machinery, John DeereMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeMoline, United StatesJohn Deere, CNH, AGCO and Kubota form the leading oligopoly of ag-equipment makers2024
Critical anchor17●Marine engines, MAN & WartsilaMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeAugsbourg, GermanyMAN Energy Solutions and WinGD are the near-duopoly of large low-speed two-stroke marine engines (Wärtsilä exited this segment in 2015; it leads instead in medium-speed four-stroke)2024
Critical anchor17●Civil drones, DJI (China)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● Critical nodeShenzhen, ChinaDJI ~70% of the global drone market (70-90% of the consumer segment)2024
Critical anchor100●TSMC, HsinchuCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeHsinchu, Taiwan≈74% of wafer revenue in advanced nodes (Q4 2024)2024
Critical anchor58●ASML, VeldhovenCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeVeldhoven, Netherlands100% of the EUV lithography market2024
Critical anchor18▲High-purity quartz, Spruce PineCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeCaroline du Nord, United States≈70–90% of the world's high-purity quartz (crucibles)2024
Critical anchor40●300 mm wafers, Shin-Etsu & SUMCOCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeTokyo, JapanShin-Etsu + SUMCO > 50% of silicon wafers (est.)2024
Critical anchor20●EDA, Synopsys & CadenceCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeSunnyvale / San Jose, United StatesSynopsys ≈31% + Cadence ≈30%; ≈74% with Siemens EDA2024
Critical anchor18●Arm, CambridgeCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeCambridge, United Kingdom≈99% of smartphone processors derive from the Arm architecture2024
Critical anchor18●KLA, MilpitasCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeMilpitas (Californie), United States≈55–60% of process control; >80% of reticle inspection2024
Critical anchor45●Soitec, BerninCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeBernin, FranceWorld leader in silicon-on-insulator substrates (SOI, FD-SOI, RF-SOI, POI), a technology it invented and for which it remains by far the main supplier. 300 mm fabs in Bernin and Singapore.2025
Critical anchor25■STMicroelectronics, Crolles siteCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeCrolles, FranceSTMicroelectronics' main advanced-manufacturing hub in France, with 200 mm and 300 mm fabs. A new 300 mm fab co-operated with GlobalFoundries (18 nm FD-SOI and bulk CMOS) is ramping up.2025
Critical anchor18●Riber, BezonsCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeBezons, FranceWorld leader in molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) equipment, with a reported installed base of more than 800 systems. Supplies research and production reactors and evaporation sources.2025
Critical anchor37●Aixtron, HerzogenrathCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeHerzogenrath, GermanyWorld leader in MOCVD deposition equipment, market share estimated around 75 % in 2021 (Gartner, cited by the company). Systems used for GaN, LEDs, lasers and power electronics.2024
Critical anchor21●ASM International, AlmereCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● Critical nodeAlmere, NetherlandsPioneer and world leader in atomic-layer-deposition (ALD) equipment, a key technology for advanced logic nodes, DRAM and 3D NAND. Founded in 1968.2025
Critical anchor96●Nvidia, Santa ClaraCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeSanta Clara, United States≈92% of the datacenter GPU market (revenue)2024
Critical anchor47■CoWoS advanced packaging, TSMC TainanCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeTainan, Taiwan2024–2025 capacity booked by Nvidia + AMD alone2024
Critical anchor59●SK Hynix, IcheonCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● Critical nodeIcheon, South Korea≈54% of the HBM market (2024), up to 62% in 20252024
Critical anchor18●Ajinomoto Fine-Techno, KawasakiCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeKawasaki, Japan≈95% of global ABF insulating film (80–98% depending on scope)2025
Critical anchor37●Ibiden, OgakiCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeOgaki (Gifu), Japan≈70–80% of the most complex substrates (20+ layers)2024
Critical anchor19■SK Hynix M15X, CheongjuCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● Critical nodeCheongju, South Korea≈₩20tn invested; HBM4 in mass production (world first, February 2026)2026
Critical anchor20●Advantest, TokyoCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● Critical nodeTokyo (Chiyoda), Japan≈50% of the global ATE market; dominant in HBM testers2025
Critical anchor18●Hanmi Semiconductor, IncheonCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● Critical nodeIncheon, South Korea≈71% of the HBM TC bonder market (cumulative Q3 2025)2025
Critical anchor19●BESI, DuivenCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● Critical nodeDuiven, Netherlands≈67% of hybrid bonding equipment2025
Critical anchor18■Silicon interposer, TSMC (Chiayi)Compute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeChiayi, TaiwanInterposers > a litho field size; assembled by "stitching"2025
Critical anchor18●InfiniBand / NVLink, Nvidia-MellanoxCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeYokneam, Israel≈80% of datacenter switches; ≈85–90% of AI clusters2024
Critical anchor18●Datacenter power supplies, Delta ElectronicsCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeTaipei (Neihu), TaiwanDelta no. 1; Delta+Lite-On+AE+Huawei >60% of AI PSUs2024
Critical anchor18●Wafer bonding, EV GroupCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● Critical nodeSt. Florian am Inn, AustriaEVG ≈26% + SUSS MicroTec ≈21% of wafer bonding2024
Critical anchor18●Probe cards, FormFactorCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● Critical nodeLivermore (Californie), United StatesWorld leader; record DRAM/HBM probe revenue in 20242024
Critical anchor18●DDR5 controllers (RCD/DB), RambusCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● Critical nodeSan Jose (Californie), United StatesTrio Rambus · Montage · Renesas for the RCD chips of RDIMMs2024
Critical anchor17●CMOS image sensors, SonyCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeKumamoto, JapanSony ~50% of smartphone CMOS image sensors (~42% of total CIS market)2024
Critical anchor17●MLCC ceramic capacitors, MurataCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeNagaokakyo, Japan~4.3 trillion MLCC produced per year (Murata >40%, Samsung ~24%)2024
Critical anchor17●Power semiconductors (IGBT, SiC)Compute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeVillach, GermanyInfineon #1 worldwide in power semiconductors (IGBT/discretes)2024
Critical anchor37●Lynred, Veurey-VoroizeCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeVeurey-Voroize, FranceThe main European supplier of infrared detectors (uncooled microbolometers and cooled detectors), created in 2019 from the merger of Sofradir and ULIS.2025
Critical anchor38■Infineon, Dresden Smart Power FabCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● Critical nodeDresde, GermanyInfineon's Smart Power Fab in Dresden, presented by the company as the world's largest plant for power and analog semiconductors, with an investment of about 5 billion euros.2025
Critical anchor21●Rosatom / TENEXEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● Critical nodeMoscou, Russia≈44% of global enrichment capacity (SWU)2024
Critical anchor19▲Indium, ChinaCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeHunan, China≈70% of global indium supply2025
Critical anchor42●IQE, Cardiff / NewportCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeCardiff, United KingdomWorld leader in outsourced VCSEL epitaxy2024
Critical anchor19●Landmark Optoelectronics, TainanCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeTainan, TaiwanOne of only 3 listed laser epitaxy foundries2024
Critical anchor21●Lumentum, San JoséCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeSan José, United StatesLaser fab at capacity; EML lead times beyond 20272026
Critical anchor43●Innolight, SuzhouCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeSuzhou, China2024 revenue: CNY 23.86bn (+122.6%); ≈35% of 800G shipments2024
Critical anchor19●US Conec, Hickory, NCCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeHickory, United StatesMT ferrules: de facto standard for 800G/1.6T multi-fibre connectors2024
Critical anchor27●Kazatomprom, Chu-Sarysu basinEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● Critical nodeRégion du Turkistan, Kazakhstan23,270 tU in 2024; Kazakhstan accounts for ≈40–43% of world extraction2024
Critical anchor18●Cameco, McArthur River & Cigar LakeEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● Critical nodeBassin de l'Athabasca (Saskatchewan), Canada≈17% of world uranium; very high-grade deposits2024
Critical anchor42●Orano, Malvési / NarbonneEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● Critical nodeNarbonne, France≈29% of world conversion services (Orano), world no. 1 in 20242024
Critical anchor39●Cameco, Port HopeEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● Critical nodePort Hope (Ontario), Canada≈19% of world conversion; Canada's only conversion plant2024
Critical anchor43●Urenco, Almelo & the Gronau / Capenhurst / Eunice networkEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● Critical nodeAlmelo, Netherlands≈27–31% of world enrichment capacity; expansion under way2024
Critical anchor18●Centrus Energy, PiketonEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● Critical nodePiketon (Ohio), United States≈900 kg of HALEU/year; the only NRC-licensed HALEU facility2025
Critical anchor18●Lithium-7, NCCP NovosibirskEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● Critical nodeNovossibirsk, Russia≈80% of world Li-7 supply; production limited to Russia and China2024
Critical anchor18●Japan Steel Works, MuroranEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● Critical nodeMuroran (Hokkaidō), Japan≈80% of the very largest nuclear forgings; ≈4 reactor vessels/year2025
Critical anchor18●Lumibird, LannionCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeLannion, FranceEuropean champion in solid-state and fiber lasers, 207.1 M€ in revenue in 2024 (Photonics and Medical).2024
Critical anchor41●Amplitude Laser, PessacCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodePessac, FranceOne of the world leaders in ultrashort (femtosecond) lasers, around 70 M€ in revenue and nearly 450 employees, about 250 of them in Pessac.2025
Critical anchor38●Exail (ex-iXblue), Saint-Germain-en-LayeCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeSaint-Germain-en-Laye, FranceIntegrated manufacturer of specialty optical fibers, modulators and micro-optics, born from the iXblue-ECA Group merger, around thirty production sites.2024
Critical anchor18●Exosens (ex-Photonis), BriveCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeBrive-la-Gaillarde, FranceWorld leader in image-intensifier tubes for night vision, 120,000 tubes produced in 2024 and 394 M€ in defense revenue (72 % of the total).2024
Critical anchor18●Imagine Optic, OrsayCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeOrsay, FranceOne of the world leaders in Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors and adaptive optics, with its own deformable mirrors (since 1996).2024
Critical anchor18●Trumpf, DitzingenCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● Critical nodeDitzingen, GermanyMachine-tool and laser group, 4.3 Bn€ in revenue and 18,300 employees in 2024/25, supplier of the pump lasers that feed ASML's EUV sources.2024
Critical anchor21●ZPMC, port cranes, Changxing IslandFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeShanghai, China≈70% of the world market for quay cranes; ≈80% of the cranes in US ports2024
Critical anchor19●Shipbuilding, China · Korea · JapanFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeUlsan, China / South Korea / Japan≈95% of world merchant tonnage delivered; China alone ≈55% (2024)2024
Critical anchor18●Cable layers, SubCom · ASN · NEC · HMNFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeEatontown (NJ), United States / France / Japan / China≈87% of the market for SubCom + ASN + NEC; ≈10–11% for HMN Tech2024
Critical anchor17●Container carriers (MSC, Maersk, CMA CGM)Flows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● Critical nodeGenève, SwitzerlandMSC ≈ 20 % of the world container fleet, Maersk ≈ 14 %, CMA CGM ≈ 12 % ; top 3 > 45 % of capacity2024
Critical anchor40●GOES electrical steel, Cleveland-CliffsEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeButler, Pennsylvanie, United StatesSole domestic GOES producer · lead times up to 48 months2025
Critical anchor99●CATL, NingdeEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeNingde, ChinaChina ≈59–72% of lithium refining · ≈90% of graphite2024
Critical anchor38▲Ghawar, Saudi AramcoEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeAl-Ahsa, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia ~12% of world oil output; Ghawar the largest conventional field2024
Critical anchor18■Abqaiq processing plantEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeAbqaiq, Saudi Arabia~5-7% of world crude supply stabilized at a single site2024
Critical anchor18■North Field, QatarEnergyEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeRas Laffan, QatarQatar ~20% of world LNG; North Field the largest gas field on Earth2024
Critical anchor18▲Indonesian nickel, MorowaliEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeSulawesi, IndonesiaIndonesia ~50% of world nickel production (2023)2023
Critical anchor39●Hitachi Energy HVDC, LudvikaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeLudvika, SwedenWestern top 3 ≈60-65% of 2025 HVDC orders2025
Critical anchor21●Prysmian, PikkalaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeKirkkonummi, Finland3 European players ≈75% of HVDC cable; order books up to 12 years2024
Critical anchor19●NKT, KarlskronaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeKarlskrona, SwedenOffshore wind ≈45% of NKT's high-voltage order book2024
Critical anchor19●HV cable-laying fleet, NaplesEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeNaples, Italy≈60 capable ships worldwide; only 4 new ones delivered 2020-20242024
Critical anchor18●Itron, Liberty LakeEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeLiberty Lake (Washington), United StatesItron >13% of the global smart-meter market2024
Critical anchor38▲Copper, Kamoa-Kakula, Katanga (DR Congo)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeKolwezi (Katanga), DR CongoDRC ≈2nd global copper producer (≈3 Mt), ahead of Peru2024
Critical anchor19▲Lithium, Salar de Atacama (Chile)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeSalar d'Atacama, ChileChile ≈2nd world producer (reserves 13 Mt); 2 brine operations2024
Critical anchor19●Copper, Codelco / Chuquicamata (Chile)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeChuquicamata (Antofagasta), ChileChile ≈23% of world mine production (≈5.3 Mt); Codelco leading producer (company)2024
Critical anchor20●Reliance, Jamnagar (India)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeJamnagar (Gujarat), India≈1.24 Mb/d, largest single-site refinery in the world; complexity index 21.12024
Critical anchor19▲Greenbushes, lithium (Western Australia)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeGreenbushes (WA), Australia≈1/3 of world hard-rock lithium; largest hard-rock mine in the world2024
Critical anchor20●Norwegian gas, Equinor, North SeaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeStavanger, Norway≈30% of EU gas; >109 bcm exported; leading supplier since 20222024
Critical anchor17●Lithium-ion battery separatorsEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeShanghai, ChinaSEMCORP #1 globally; Asahi Kasei #1 ex-China; top 5 (incl. Toray, SKIET) ~60% of capacity2024
Critical anchor17■Electrolytes & LiPF6, ChinaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeGuangzhou, ChinaChina >70% of global LiPF6 capacity and most electrolyte2024
Critical anchor17●Cathode precursors (pCAM), China & KoreaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeChangsha, ChinaChina ~85% of cathode materials (LFP ~99%; NMC >75%); Korea ~9%, a distant #22024
Critical anchor17■Itaipu Dam, Brazil & ParaguayEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeFoz do Iguaçu, Brazil14 GW; ~2nd-largest hydro plant, supplies much of Paraguay and southern Brazil2024
Critical anchor17●Chinese nuclear, CNNC & CGNEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodePékin, ChinaChina world's top builder of nuclear reactors (~39 under construction, 2026)2024
Critical anchor17■Refining, US Gulf CoastEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeHouston, United StatesThe Gulf Coast holds ~half of US refining capacity, the Western world's largest2024
Critical anchor17▲Australian coal, Bowen Basin & NewcastleEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeNewcastle, AustraliaWorld's top metallurgical coal exporter; ~2nd thermal coal (~350 Mt exported/yr)2024
Critical anchor17▲Iraqi oil, Rumaila & BasraEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeBassorah, IrakOPEC's 2nd producer (~4.3 Mb/d); giant Rumaila field2024
Critical anchor17●Brazilian oil, pre-salt, PetrobrasEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeRio de Janeiro, Brazil~3.4 Mb/d; Latin America's top producer, Santos Basin pre-salt fields2024
Critical anchor17▲Chinese coal (Shanxi, Inner Mongolia)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeTaiyuan (Shanxi), China≈50% of world coal output ; on the order of 4,700 Mt (2024)2024
Critical anchor17■Three Gorges DamEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeSandouping, Yichang (Hubei), China22,500 MW installed ; 103.6 TWh generated in 20242024
Critical anchor17▲US natural gas and LNGEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeMidland, Texas (bassin Permien), United StatesWorld's top gas producer (≈38 tcf, 2024) ; top LNG exporter (11.9 bcf/d, 2024)2024
Critical anchor17▲South Pars, Iran (NIOC)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeAssalouyeh, IranIran ~16% of world gas reserves (2nd, 2023); South Pars ~70% of Iran's gas output2024
Critical anchor17●Sinopec, China refiningEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodePékin, ChinaChina ~18.5 Mb/d refining capacity (world's 1st, 2023); Sinopec ~5.9 Mb/d2024
Critical anchor17■Solar PV Supply Chain (China)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeÜrümqi (Xinjiang), ChinaOver 80% of global capacity at each stage; near 95% for polysilicon and wafers; Xinjiang ≈ 40% of world polysilicon (IEA, 2022)2022
Critical anchor17●State Grid Corporation of ChinaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodePékin, China≈ 1.1 billion customers served (2023); 3rd-largest company worldwide by revenue, ≈ US$546bn (Fortune Global 500, 2024)2024
Critical anchor44●Umicore, cathode materialsEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Critical nodeBruxelles, BelgiumA Belgian group producing cathode active materials (NMC) and precursors for lithium-ion batteries. It has refining, precursor and CAM capacity in Europe, and has inaugurated a battery-materials gigafactory in Poland.2024
Critical anchor18▲Helium-3, Savannah RiverCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeAiken (Caroline du Sud), United States≈5 kg/year sold worldwide; by-product of military tritium2024
Critical anchor18●Enriched silicon-28, Silex, SydneyCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeSydney, Australia≈20 kg/year targeted (first production module, 2023-2026)2025
Critical anchor58●Dilution refrigerators, Bluefors, HelsinkiCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeHelsinki, FinlandWorld's leading maker; Bluefors + Oxford Instruments > 70% of the market2024
Critical anchor18●4 K pulse tubes, Cryomech & SumitomoCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeSyracuse · Tokyo, United States / JapanWorld duopoly on 4 K pulse-tube cold heads2024
Critical anchor49●Superconducting qubits, IBM & GoogleCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeYorktown Heights · Santa Barbara, United States2-qubit fidelities ≈99.9%; coherence up to ≈0.3-0.6 ms2024
Critical anchor20●Quandela, MassyCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeMassy, FranceOne of the world's few manufacturers of commercialized deterministic single-photon sources, spun out of the CNRS C2N laboratory.2024
Critical anchor37●Exail (ex-Muquans), TalenceCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeTalence, FranceGrown out of Muquans (founded in 2011), one of the first in the world to commercialize industrial cold-atom quantum sensors (absolute gravimeter, atomic clock).2024
Critical anchor24●Zurich Instruments, ZurichCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeZurich, SwitzerlandOne of the first commercially available quantum-computing control electronics systems, a subsidiary of the Rohde & Schwarz group since 2021.2024
Critical anchor19●ID Quantique, GenevaCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeGenève, SwitzerlandManufacturer of single-photon detectors and a leader in quantum-safe solutions, with an acquisition by IonQ announced in 2025.2025
Critical anchor38●QuiX Quantum, EnschedeCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeEnschede, NetherlandsSpin-off of the University of Twente, its silicon-nitride photonic processors are presented as a de facto standard for photonic quantum computing in Europe.2024
Critical anchor18●QphoX, DelftCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeDelft, NetherlandsSpun out of TU Delft, in early 2026 it launched a quantum transducer converting the microwave signals of superconducting qubits into telecom optical photons, with IBM as its first test partner.2026
Critical anchor19●Single Quantum, DelftCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeDelft, NetherlandsFounded in 2012, the first European maker to commercialize superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPD), used in quantum computing and communication, astronomy and bio-imaging.2024
Critical anchor36●TOPTICA Photonics, GräfelfingCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeGräfelfing, GermanyFounded in 1998, a maker of narrow-linewidth diode lasers used for cooling and trapping cold atoms and ions, for optical clocks and quantum networks.2024
Critical anchor18●Menlo Systems, MartinsriedCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeMartinsried, GermanyA 2001 spin-off of the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, it commercializes optical frequency combs (a technology tied to T. W. Hänsch's Nobel Prize) for time-frequency metrology and optical clocks.2024
Critical anchor18●Riverlane, CambridgeCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeCambridge, United KingdomFounded in 2016 out of the University of Cambridge, it develops the Deltaflow quantum-error-correction stack and hardware decoders, 75 M$ raised in a Series C in 2024.2024
Critical anchor19●Sparrow Quantum, CopenhagenCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeCopenhague, DenmarkOut of the Niels Bohr Institute, its on-chip deterministic single-photon source delivers more than 100 consecutive single photons at over 20 million photons per second in fiber.2025
Critical anchor21●Delft Circuits, DelftCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Critical nodeDelft, NetherlandsFounded in 2017, high-channel-density Cri/oFlex cryogenic RF cabling with low thermal load for the input/output of quantum computers.2025
Critical anchor26▲Bayan Obo & Chinese refiningMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● Critical nodeMongolie-Intérieure, China≈90% of NdFeB magnets · monopoly on Dy/Tb separation2024
Critical anchor18▲Ion-adsorption clays of southern China, GanzhouMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● Critical nodeGanzhou (Jiangxi), ChinaCore of global Dy/Tb supply; Chinese 2024 mining quota: 270,000 t REO (≈69% of the world)2024
Critical anchor49●Chinese separation, Ganzhou & BaotouMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● Critical nodeGanzhou, China≈90% of the world's refining of magnet rare earths; ≈99% of heavy separation2025
Critical anchor22●Metallisation & alloys, Baotou / GanzhouMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● Critical nodeBaotou, China≈90–95% of oxide-to-metal reduction and NdFeB alloys2025
Critical anchor30●MOFCOM export controls, BeijingMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● Critical nodePékin, China7 elements under licence since April 2025; magnet exports −75% in two months2025
Critical anchor32●JL MAG Rare-Earth, GanzhouMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● Critical nodeGanzhou, China29,300 t of magnet blanks in 2024; world no. 1 in sintered NdFeB2024
Link10●Certificate authorities (TLS/SSL)Compute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● DependencyLehi, United StatesLet's Encrypt dominates HTTPS certificates (~65% of sites), ahead of Sectigo, GoDaddy and DigiCert (DigiCert leads enterprise/EV but is marginal by volume)2024
Link10●Marketplaces, Amazon & AlibabaCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● DependencySeattle, United StatesAmazon & Alibaba/PDD anchor a major share of global e-commerce (Amazon #1 by GMV ~$847B in 2025; Alibaba and PDD/Pinduoduo among the global top players)2024
Link10●PC OS, Microsoft WindowsCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● DependencyRedmond, United StatesWindows ~57% of desktop computers (now below 60%)2024
Link10●Social networks, MetaCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● DependencyMenlo Park, United StatesMeta (FB/Insta/WhatsApp) ~3.58 billion daily active people (family of apps, Dec. 2025)2024
Link10●CDN & web security, Cloudflare & AkamaiCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● DependencySan Francisco, United StatesCloudflare protects ~24% of all websites (≈84% of the reverse-proxy/CDN market), far ahead of Amazon CloudFront (~6%), Fastly (~3%) and Akamai (~2%)2024
Link10●Financial indices, MSCI & S&PCompute & DigitalPlatforms & infrastructureIF 80● DependencyNew York, United StatesMSCI, S&P DJI and FTSE Russell benchmark tens of trillions of dollars (~$18T MSCI, ~$27.7T S&P DJI, ~$12T Russell US)2024
Link10■Small-arms ammunition, Lake CityFlows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● DependencyIndependence (Lake City), United StatesLake City (Olin Winchester): main US small-caliber ammo site2024
Link10●Precision artillery (HIMARS, GMLRS)Flows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● DependencyCamden, United StatesHIMARS/GMLRS/ATACMS (Lockheed, Camden AR): ~96 launchers/yr (doubled), GMLRS ~14,000/yr — limited rate2024
Link10●Military drones (Bayraktar, Shahed)Flows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● DependencyIstanbul, TurkeyArmed drone commoditized: ~44 states equipped, TB2 (Baykar) exported to 34 countries; Shahed, MQ-92024
Link10●Tanks & armour (Abrams, Leopard, K2)Flows & MobilityDefense & armamentIF 78● DependencyLima, United StatesLow output: Abrams ~11/month (Lima, GD), Leopard (KNDS) & K2 (Hyundai Rotem) lines booked2024
Link10●Fraunhofer: applied research and the underlying patents (MP3/AAC)Compute & DigitalKnowledge & patentsIF 74● DependencyMunich, GermanyBudget ~EUR 3.6 billion; more than 30,000 staff; 74 institutes; MP3/AAC audio codecs (Fraunhofer IIS) (2024)2024
Link12▲Xenon, ion propulsionFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● DependencyZaporijjia, Ukraine / Russia / ChinaNoble gas by-product of steelmaking; historic Ukrainian-Russian supply disrupted since 20222024
Link12●Hydrazine propellants, ArianeGroup, LampoldshausenFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● DependencyLampoldshausen, GermanyNear-universal manoeuvring propellant; REACH candidate since 2011, threat of EU authorisation2024
Link13●Inertial units & gyroscopes, Honeywell, Northrop, SafranFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● DependencyPlymouth (Minnesota), United StatesHoneywell: >300 space units launched, >1 M h in orbit2024
Link11●RD-180, NPO Energomash, KhimkiFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● DependencyKhimki, Russia≈122 engines delivered over 20 years; last delivery 2021, Atlas V nearing end of life2024
Link35●Ariane 6, Arianespace, KourouFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● RedundancyKourou, France (French Guiana)Maiden flight on 9 July 2024; return of Europe's autonomous access to space2024
Link10●Galileo (EUSPA)Flows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● RedundancyFucino, Union européenne≈32 satellites; most precise service (2024)2024
Link10●Star trackers & reaction wheelsFlows & MobilityAerospace & SpaceIF 70● DependencyLimeil-Brévannes, FranceStar trackers: ~75% of the world market held by 3 European firms (Sodern, Leonardo, Jena Optronik); reaction wheels, few suppliers2024
Link14▲KSM & API, India (Hyderabad)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● DependencyHyderabad, India≈70% of Indian KSM/API imported from China; near 100% for some antibiotics2024
Link13●Pharma vitamins, China (Zhejiang NHU)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● DependencyXinchang (Zhejiang), ChinaChina ≈73% of the world's vitamin A and >90% of vitamin C2022
Link12●Samsung Biologics, SongdoLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● RedundancySongdo (Incheon), South Korea≈785,000 L of capacity at Songdo (plants 1-5), largest bioproduction capacity in the world2025
Link10●Needles & syringes, BDLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● DependencyFranklin Lakes, United StatesBD (Becton Dickinson) dominates the world's needles and syringes (global leader, >70% of the syringe/needle market)2024
Link10●Sterilizing filters, Sartorius & PallLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● DependencyGöttingen, GermanySartorius, Pall (Danaher), Merck: sterilizing filter membranes for injectables (the three ≈65% of the pharma-grade market)2024
Link29■Seqens, Roussillon paracetamol unitLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● RedundancyRoussillon, FranceA new paracetamol unit under construction at the Roussillon platform, a continuous process, with start-up announced for 2026 and commercialization targeted for 2027. Announced capacity of about 15,000 tonnes per year.2025
Link31●Fareva, pharmaceutical contract manufacturerLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● DependencyTournon-sur-Rhône, FranceFrance's largest pharmaceutical contract manufacturer (CDMO) and one of the top five worldwide, around 5200 employees across about ten French sites, headquartered in Tournon-sur-Rhône.2024
Link30●Delpharm, contract manufacturer (Reims)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● DependencyReims, FranceOne of France's leading pharmaceutical contract manufacturers, producing dry, liquid and injectable forms, also present in Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. The Reims site produces and packages solid and liquid forms.2024
Link11■Laboratoire Aguettant, Lyon-GerlandLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● RedundancyLyon, FranceA Lyon-based laboratory specializing in hospital injectable medicines. In 2024, about 46 M€ of investment was announced to raise its capacity toward 150 million units per year, up from 100 million.2024
Link11●Siegfried, headquarters and Zofingen siteLife & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● RedundancyZofingen, SwitzerlandSwiss group Siegfried, a global CDMO for active ingredients and finished forms, a network of about 13 sites, more than 3800 employees and 2025 revenue reported at around 1.33 billion Swiss francs.2025
Link11●Recipharm, CDMO (Stockholm)Life & SubsistencePharma & APIsIF 67● DependencyStockholm, SwedenA Swedish CDMO, one of the world's leading pharmaceutical contract manufacturers, more than 5200 employees and sites in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom, India, Israel and the United States.2024
Link19▲Ethylene crackers, Gulf CoastMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyHouston (Texas), United Statesethane advantage ≈$200–300/t over naphtha; China +23 Mt of capacity by 20302025
Link11▲Sulphuric acid, the world's leading chemicalMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyTongling (Anhui), China≈260 Mt/year produced; China ≈27 Mt (≈21%), most from refining sulphur2024
Link12■Cerium & lanthanum, catalysis rare earthsMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyBaotou (Mongolie-Intérieure), ChinaChina ≈dominates separation; export controls on rare earths extended 2023-20262025
Link31●Titanium dioxide, Chemours & Lomon BillionsMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyWilmington (Delaware), United States / Chinaworld capacity ≈9.9 Mt/year; China leading producer; Chemours ≈half of North America2024
Link12●Carbon black, Birla, Cabot, OrionMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyBoston (Massachusetts), India / United StatesAsia-Pacific ≈60–65% of output (est.); Birla >2 Mt/yr across 17 sites2024
Link11●Silicones, Wacker, Dow, Shin-EtsuMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyMunich, Germany / United States / Japanmarket ≈6.2 Mt in 2024; China (Bluestar) the leading siloxane capacity block2024
Link15■Epoxy resins, China, Olin, KukdoMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyJiangsu, China≈4.1 Mt in 2024; Asia-Pacific ≈64% of demand, China in the lead2024
Link10●Industrial enzymes (Novonesis, IFF)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyBagsværd, DenmarkNovonesis (Novozymes+Chr. Hansen) ~48%; IFF (ex-Danisco) ~20%2024
Link10●Water-treatment chemistry (Ecolab, Kemira)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencySaint Paul, United StatesEcolab leader (~6%), Kemira, Veolia: fragmented market (top 10 ~20%)2024
Link10●Paints & coatings (Sherwin, PPG, AkzoNobel)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyCleveland, United StatesSherwin-Williams #1, PPG #2, AkzoNobel #3, Nippon Paint #4 (2024 revenue)2024
Link10●Adhesives & industrial glues, HenkelMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyDüsseldorf, GermanyHenkel #1 globally; 3M, Sika, H.B. Fuller among adhesive leaders2024
Link10■Textile dyes, ChinaMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyShangyu, Zhejiang, ChinaChina ~60% of world textile dye production2024
Link10■Glass fibre, ChinaMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyTongxiang, Zhejiang, ChinaChina ~60% of world glass fiber (capacity)2024
Link10▲Synthetic rubber (SBR, butyl)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyShanghai, ChinaChina #1 producer of synthetic rubber (Sinopec is world's largest)2024
Link10●Technical ceramics, Kyocera & CoorsTekMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyKyoto, JapanKyocera, NGK and CoorsTek among the leaders in technical ceramics2024
Link10●Polycarbonate & engineering plasticsMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyLeverkusen, GermanyCovestro, SABIC, Mitsubishi and China dominate polycarbonate2024
Link10●Flavours & fragrances, Givaudan & IFFMaterials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyGenève, SwitzerlandGivaudan, IFF, DSM-Firmenich, Symrise ~2/3 of the flavours/fragrances market2024
Link10■PVC, China (carbide route)Materials & MetalsChemicals & MaterialsIF 66● DependencyMongolie-Intérieure, ChinaChina ~45% of global PVC (calcium-carbide route)2024
Link11●Rusal, BratskMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyBratsk, RussiaRusal ~6% of world primary aluminium; Bratsk among the largest smelters on Earth2024
Link10●Quebec hydro-powered aluminium, Rio TintoMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● RedundancySaguenay, CanadaQuebec ~90% of Canadian aluminium, hydro-powered; Canada ~4th largest producer2024
Link11▲Pilbara iron oreMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyPort Hedland, AustraliaAustralia ~35% of world iron ore; core of the export trade2024
Link11▲Carajás, ValeMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyParauapebas, BrazilHighest-grade iron ore in the world; Brazil ~2nd largest exporter2024
Link10●Vanadium, Panzhihua (Pangang)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyPanzhihua, ChinaChina ~68% of world vanadium, a steelmaking by-product (2024, USGS)2024
Link10■Selenium, copper refining (Tongling)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyTongling, ChinaChina ~32% of refined selenium, a copper by-product (2024, USGS)2024
Link10■Tellurium, copper anode slimes (Daye)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyDaye, ChinaChina ~62% of refined tellurium, a copper by-product (2024, USGS)2024
Link10■Molybdenum, Climax mine (Freeport)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● RedundancyColorado, United StatesChina ~40% of world molybdenum; Climax the main primary mine outside China (2024, USGS)2024
Link10●Refined zinc, ZhuzhouMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyZhuzhou, ChinaChina ~47% of world refined zinc (2024, USGS)2024
Link11●Syrah Resources Balama, Cabo DelgadoMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● RedundancyBalama, Mozambique≈40% of natural graphite supply outside China; force majeure Dec. 2024 – June 20252025
Link12▲Platinum, Bushveld Complex, RustenburgMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyRustenburg, South Africa≈70% of world platinum; production constrained by Eskom2024
Link11●GEMCO, Groote Eylandt, Northern TerritoryMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyGroote Eylandt, AustraliaCyclone Megan (March 2024): exports suspended ≈14 months, high-grade price ×22024
Link13●VSMPO-AVISMA, Verkhnyaya Salda, UralsMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyVerkhniaïa Salda, Russiaworld's leading producer of aerospace titanium; Airbus dependence cut to ≈20%2024
Link12●Gazprom Amur GPP, Svobodny, Russian Far EastMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● RedundancySvobodny, Russiatarget 60 Mm³/year (≈+11% of world supply); still below capacity in 20262025
Link49●Airbus, Toulouse, OccitaniaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyToulouse, Francefinal assembly; Russian titanium dependence cut to ≈20%2024
Link12■Global MRI fleet, medical imagingMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyRochester (Minnesota), United Stateseach MRI: ≈1,700 L of liquid helium; ≈50,000 machines worldwide2024
Link11▲Nickel, New CaledoniaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyNouméa / Goro, France (New Caledonia)≈6% of world production (2023); up to ≈10% of reserves; historic 3rd producer2024
Link11▲Gold, Obuasi & Tarkwa (Ghana)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyObuasi (Ashanti), Ghana≈127 t (2024); Africa's leading gold producer; gold ≈57% of export earnings2024
Link10■Cliffside Helium Reserve, AmarilloMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyAmarillo, United States≈6 billion cu ft stored; sold to Messer (2024)2024
Link10■Alumina (refined bauxite), Australia & ChinaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyGladstone, AustraliaChina ~60% of world alumina; Australia top exporter2024
Link10■Tin smelting, Yunnan (China)Materials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyGejiu, ChinaChina #1 world refined-tin producer (Yunnan Tin)2024
Link10▲Mica, India & MadagascarMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyJharkhand, IndiaIndia & Madagascar main sheet-mica suppliers2024
Link10■Refined lead, ChinaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyHunan, ChinaChina #1 refined lead producer (~40%+)2024
Link10▲Boron and borates, TurkeyMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyKırka (Eskişehir), TurkeyTurkey leading world borate producer and holder of most world reserves (USGS 2024)2024
Link10▲Barite, India and ChinaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyMangampeta (Andhra Pradesh), IndiaIndia ≈32% and China ≈26% of world barite production excluding the US (USGS 2024)2024
Link10▲Strontium (celestite), Spain and IranMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyGranada (Montevive), SpainSpain and Iran ≈39% each of world celestite production (USGS 2024)2024
Link10▲Zircon and hafnium, AustraliaMaterials & MetalsCritical MetalsIF 64● DependencyPerth (Iluka Resources), AustraliaAustralia ≈33% and South Africa ≈20% of world mined zircon production (USGS 2024)2024
Link12●Russian potash and fertilizer, UralsLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyBerezniki, RussiaRussia and Belarus ~40% of world potash; Russia top nitrogen fertilizer exporter2023
Link12●Saskatchewan potash, NutrienLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● RedundancySaskatchewan, CanadaCanada ~31% of world potash production (2023)2023
Link37●Yara Sluiskil, NetherlandsLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencySluiskil, NetherlandsYara Europe cut to 35% of capacity in August 2022; ≈70% of EU capacity idled at peak2022
Link11●CF Industries, Donaldsonville (Louisiana)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● RedundancyDonaldsonville, United StatesWorld's largest ammonia complex: 6 ammonia units, 5 urea units2024
Link11■Urea, China (export controls)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyPékin, ChinaUrea exports −83% in 2024 after the freeze decided in late 20232024
Link18■Wheat, Egypt (GASC, Cairo)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyLe Caire, EgyptWorld's largest wheat importer; ≈82% of imports from Russia + Ukraine (2017-2021)2023
Link11■Ready-made garments, Bangladesh (RMG)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyDacca, Bangladesh2nd global garment exporter; ≈6.9% of the market ($38.5bn, 2024)2024
Link10■Garlic, China (Jinxiang)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyJinxiang, Shandong, ChinaChina ~70-80% of world garlic; Jinxiang, the garlic capital2023
Link10■Processing tomatoes (China, California, Italy)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyXinjiang, ChinaChina, California & Italy = top three processing-tomato regions (~55% of world crush)2023
Link10■Black pepper, VietnamLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyDak Lak, VietnamVietnam >1/3 (~35-40%) of world black pepper, top producer and exporter2023
Link10■Cashew, Ivory CoastLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyBouaké, Ivory CoastCôte d'Ivoire top world producer of raw cashew nuts (~1.04 Mt, 2023)2023
Link10■Avocado, Michoacan (Mexico)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyUruapan, MexicoMexico top producer (~28% of world, 2023) and top avocado exporter2023
Link10■Canola, CanadaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencySaskatoon, CanadaWorld's #1 canola/rapeseed exporter (~35% of global export value, 2023-24)2023
Link10■Sugar, India (Uttar Pradesh)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyUttar Pradesh, IndiaWorld's #1 or #2 sugar producer (2nd behind Brazil in 2023/24)2023
Link10■Groundnut, China & IndiaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyShandong, ChinaWorld's #1 groundnut/peanut producer (~35% of output, 2023)2023
Link10■Onion, India (Nashik)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyNashik, IndiaMajor world onion exporter (top 3) and #1 producer2023
Link10■Apple, China (Shaanxi)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyShaanxi, China~½ of world apples (49.6%, 47.6 Mt in 2022)2023
Link10■Coconut oil, PhilippinesLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyDavao, PhilippinesPhilippines & Indonesia core of world coconut oil (top exporters)2023
Link10■Jute, Bangladesh & IndiaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyDacca, BangladeshBangladesh & India ~90% of world jute2023
Link10■Honey, ChinaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyZhejiang, ChinaChina #1 honey producer and exporter2023
Link10■Hops (US & Germany)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyYakima, United StatesUSA + Germany ~71% of world hop acreage and ~75% of crop volume2023
Link10■Sorghum (US & Africa)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyKansas, United StatesUSA #1 sorghum exporter (>60% of world exports), China top destination2023
Link10■Lentils & peas, CanadaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencySaskatchewan, CanadaCanada #1 exporter of lentils (~36% of value) and dry peas2023
Link10■Dates, Egypt & Middle EastLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyAssouan, EgyptTop 3 date producers: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Algeria (Iran 4th)2023
Link10●Kiwifruit, New Zealand (Zespri)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyTe Puke, Nouvelle-ZélandeZespri manages ~30% of global kiwifruit trade (China top producer, ~55%)2023
Link10■Wine, France, Italy & SpainLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyBordeaux, FranceFrance + Italy + Spain ~½ of world wine production2023
Link10■Potato, ChinaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyMongolie-Intérieure, ChinaChina ~1/4 of world potato production2023
Link10■Cassava, Nigeria & ThailandLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyIbadan, NigeriaNigeria world's top cassava producer; Thailand top exporter (starch)2023
Link10■Merino wool, AustraliaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyNouvelle-Galles du Sud, AustraliaAustralia #1 producer of fine merino wool (~80%)2023
Link10■Farmed shrimp, Ecuador & IndiaLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyGuayaquil, ÉquateurEcuador (#1) and India (#2) top farmed shrimp exporters2023
Link10■Cut flowers, Kenya (Naivasha)Life & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyNaivasha, KenyaKenya #1 African rose exporter; ~38-40% of EU cut-flower imports2023
Link10■Fishmeal, the Peruvian anchovy and China's distant-water fleetLife & SubsistenceFertilizers & FoodIF 59● DependencyChimbote, PeruPeru supplies ~20% of world fishmeal and fish oil in a normal year; China's distant-water fleet numbers ~17,000 vessels (ODI, 2020)2020
Link10●Connectors, TE Connectivity & AmphenolMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencySchaffhouse, SwitzerlandTE Connectivity #1 connector maker worldwide, Amphenol #2, Molex #3 (Bishop & Associates 2024)2024
Link10●Abrasives, Saint-Gobain & 3MMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyCourbevoie, FranceSaint-Gobain (Norton) #1 abrasives maker worldwide, 3M and Tyrolit in the top 32024
Link10●Test instruments, Keysight & RohdeMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencySanta Rosa, United StatesKeysight and Rohde & Schwarz lead electronic test & measurement; with Tektronix (Fortive) they hold over 40% of the market2024
Link10●Robotics, ABB & KUKA (Europe)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyZurich, SwitzerlandABB (Switzerland) and KUKA (Germany) are among the industrial-robotics 'big four' alongside Fanuc and Yaskawa (Japan)2024
Link10●Telecom equipment, Ericsson & NokiaMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyStockholm, SwedenEricsson and Nokia, the only Western 5G RAN vendors alongside Huawei, ZTE and Samsung2024
Link10●Electric motors, Nidec & ABBMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyKyoto, JapanNidec #1 in small precision motors; electric motors consume more than 40% of world electricity (IEA)2024
Link10●Compressors & compressed air, Atlas CopcoMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyStockholm, SwedenAtlas Copco, global leader in industrial compressed air2024
Link10●Industrial pumps & valves (KSB, Flowserve)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyFrankenthal, GermanyKSB, Flowserve, Grundfos and Sulzer are among the global leaders in industrial process pumps and valves2024
Link10●Construction equipment, Caterpillar & KomatsuMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyPeoria, United StatesCaterpillar #1 in construction/mining equipment (~15.9% share in 2024), ahead of Komatsu #22024
Link10●Elevators, Otis & KONEMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyFarmington, United StatesOtis, KONE, Schindler and TK Elevator dominate global elevators/escalators (54-61% combined share depending on region)2024
Link10●Industrial hydraulics, Bosch Rexroth & ParkerMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyLohr am Main, GermanyBosch Rexroth, Parker Hannifin and Danfoss are core leaders in industrial hydraulics; Danfoss absorbed Eaton's hydraulics business (2021)2024
Link10●Tyres, Michelin & BridgestoneMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyClermont-Ferrand, FranceMichelin, Bridgestone, Goodyear and Continental are the world's top 4 tire makers, but hold ~40-45% combined (not half)2024
Link10●Trucks & heavy vehicles (Daimler Truck, Volvo, Traton)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyMunich, GermanyDaimler Truck, Volvo, Traton and PACCAR dominate heavy trucks outside China (Europe + North America)2024
Link10●Beverage carton packaging, Tetra PakMaterials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyLund, SwedenTetra Pak, world leader in aseptic liquid carton packaging (rivals: SIG Combibloc, Elopak)2024
Link10●Home appliances, Haier (China)Materials & MetalsIndustry & machinesIF 56● DependencyQingdao, ChinaHaier, #1 global major-appliances brand by retail volume (Euromonitor, 17th consecutive year)2024
Link11●Carl Zeiss SMT, OberkochenCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyOberkochen, GermanySole supplier of ASML's EUV optics2024
Link33●Photoresists, JapanCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyKawasaki, Japan≈91% of advanced photoresists (Japanese producers)2024
Link13▲Semiconductor-grade neon, UkraineCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyOdessa, Ukraine≈45–54% of global neon (before 2022)2022
Link11●Electronic-grade polysiliconCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyHemlock, Burghausen, États-Unis / Allemagne / JaponA handful of "electronic grade" (11N) qualified plants2024
Link11●Deposition & etch, Applied, Lam, TELCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencySanta Clara, Tokyo, United States / JapanThree players concentrate most of WFE outside lithography2024
Link11●Samsung & Intel, partial redundancyCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● RedundancyHwaseong, Hillsboro, Corée du Sud / États-UnisThe only alternatives below 3 nm, trailing volumes and yields2024
Link11●OSAT, Amkor and third-party assemblyCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● RedundancyTempe, Arizona, États-Unis / AsieNon-TSMC capacity marginal in 2.5D packaging2025
Link83■AI data centers, the bottleneck migratesCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyAshburn, Virginie, United StatesThe constraint is no longer silicon: it is the megawatt2025
Link11●Photomasks, Photronics · Toppan · DNPCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyBrookfield (Connecticut), United StatesMerchant trio ≈36%; the rest captive at the foundries2024
Link11●CMP slurries, Entegris (ex-Cabot)Compute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyBillerica (Massachusetts), United States≈$1.9bn market (2024); Entegris leading global supplier2024
Link14●Fluorinated etch gases, C4F6Compute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyTokyo, Japan≈$370m market (2024); Linde · Air Liquide · Resonac2024
Link13■Penang, chip assembly & test (Malaysia)Compute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyPenang / Kulim, MalaysiaMalaysia ≈13% of the global assembly-test-packaging market; 6th semiconductor exporter2024
Link11■X-Fab, Corbeil-Essonnes siteCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyCorbeil-Essonnes, FranceFrench site of the specialty foundry X-Fab, dedicated to analog/mixed-signal and power technologies, including a 110 nm BCD-on-SOI process. X-Fab presents itself as the first pure-play foundry to offer SiC and GaN.2024
Link36●Siltronic, BurghausenCompute & DigitalSiliconIF 55● DependencyBurghausen, GermanyOne of the world's leading silicon-wafer makers, often cited as the fourth-largest producer worldwide and the largest outside Japan. 300 mm production in Burghausen and Freiberg.2025
Link14■TSMC Fab 21, PhoenixCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● RedundancyPhoenix (Arizona), United StatesN4 volume production since late 2024; ≈2–3% of TSMC's advanced capacity2025
Link19●ASE, KaohsiungCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● RedundancyKaohsiung, TaiwanWorld's leading OSAT; +≈50–60,000 CoWoS-type wafers/month at OSATs by end 20262026
Link12■Amkor, Peoria, ArizonaCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● RedundancyPeoria (Arizona), United StatesFirst US advanced-packaging site, under construction, opening ≈2027-20282025
Link11●Power grid, Virginia (Dominion)Compute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencyRichmond (Virginie), United StatesDatacenters: 4.4% of US electricity in 2023, 6.7–12% projected in 2028 (LBNL)2024
Link11●Liquid cooling, Vertiv & DLCCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencyWesterville (Ohio), United StatesDirect-to-chip: the dominant liquid-cooling technology (majority of the market)2025
Link19■Samsung, PyeongtaekCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● DependencyPyeongtaek, South KoreaWorld's largest memory campus; ≈17% of HBM (Q2 2025)2025
Link14■Micron, TaichungCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● RedundancyTaichung, Taiwan≈21% of HBM (Q2 2025), ahead of Samsung2025
Link12■Kioxia, YokkaichiCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● DependencyYokkaichi, JapanKioxia + SanDisk ≈27% of global NAND (Q1 2025)2025
Link10■Samsung NAND, Xi'anCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● DependencyXi'an, China≈40% of Samsung's NAND, i.e. ≈10–15% of global NAND, produced in China2024
Link10●YMTC, WuhanCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● RedundancyWuhan, China≈8% of NAND by revenue (Q1 2025), ≈13% by volume (Q3 2025), despite the Entity List2025
Link11●CXMT, HefeiCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● RedundancyHefei, China≈4–9% of global DRAM in 2025 depending on the measure, figures diverge2025
Link11●High-speed copper cables, AmphenolCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencyWallingford (Connecticut), United States>5,000 copper cables per GB200 NVL72 rack (≈3 km)2024
Link11●Thermal interface materials, TIMCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencyCharlotte (Caroline du Nord), United StatesA few-µm film dissipating ≈1,000 W per accelerator2025
Link11●Inverters & UPS, Schneider · Vertiv · EatonCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencyRueil-Malmaison, FranceOligopoly; lead times stretched to several quarters (2024-2025)2025
Link11●High-k / ALD precursors, hafniumCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● DependencyDarmstadt, Germany≈$525–660m market (2024); Air Liquide · Merck · Adeka2024
Link11●DRAM modules, KingstonCompute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● DependencyFountain Valley (Californie), United States≈66% of third-party DRAM modules (2024); no. 2 at ≈5%2024
Link10●OLED & LCD displays, Samsung / LG / BOECompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencyAsan, South KoreaSamsung Display leads OLED (~52% large-area), LG Display 2nd; BOE #1 panel maker (LCD)2024
Link10●Smartphone lenses, Largan (Taiwan)Compute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencyTaichung, TaiwanLargan #1 in high-end plastic smartphone lenses (~31% value; Sunny Optical leads by volume)2024
Link10●Quartz oscillators, JapanCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencySuwa, JapanJapan dominates quartz crystal oscillators (>30% of output; Epson, NDK, Kyocera, KDS)2024
Link10●HDI printed circuit boards, Taiwan & ChinaCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencyTaoyuan, TaiwanChina #1 PCB producer (~51% of output, Prismark); major Taiwan-HQ makers2024
Link10■Mature-node chips, ChinaCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencyShanghai, ChinaChina: ~29% of global mature-node (28nm+) capacity in 2023, ~33% projected by 20272024
Link10●Storage hard drives (Seagate, WD, Toshiba)Compute & DigitalHBM MemoryIF 53● DependencyFremont, United StatesOnly 3 surviving HDD makers: Seagate, Western Digital, Toshiba2024
Link11■Bosch, Dresden fabCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● RedundancyDresde, GermanyBosch's 300 mm fab in Dresden, presented by the company as its first 300 mm wafer plant, with an investment of about 1 billion euros. Focused on ASICs and automotive power semiconductors.2024
Link11●Melexis, YpresCompute & DigitalComputeIF 53● DependencyYpres, BelgiumOne of the world's leading players in semiconductor sensors for automotive, notably Hall-effect and magnetic-position sensors. Listed on Euronext Brussels.2024
Link33●Orano, TricastinEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● RedundancyTricastin, France≈12% of enrichment capacity (France)2024
Link14●InP substrates, SumitomoCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● DependencyOsaka, Japan≈70% of epitaxial InP wafers supplied via Taiwan2024
Link11●Cigar Lake, CamecoEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● RedundancySaskatchewan, CanadaWorld's highest-grade uranium deposit; Canada ~13% of global output2024
Link13▲Gallium refining, ShandongCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● DependencyZibo, China≈98% of global primary supply; prices +150% (May 2025)2025
Link12●AXT / Beijing Tongmei, BeijingCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● DependencyPékin, China≈35% of the InP substrate market via Tongmei2024
Link12●Freiberger Compound Materials, FreibergCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● RedundancyFreiberg, GermanyOne of the 5 suppliers controlling ≈70% of III-V substrates2024
Link17●Coherent, Sherman, TexasCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● RedundancySherman, United StatesWorld's first InP 150 mm line, production launched August 20252025
Link13●Eoptolink, ChengduCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● DependencyChengdu, ChinaWith Innolight, ≈60% of Nvidia's 800G volumes (est.)2025
Link13■Transceiver assembly, ThailandCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● RedundancyChonburi, ThailandInnolight/Eoptolink Thai plants covering North American orders (Q2 2025)2025
Link12●Corning Optical Fiber, Wilmington, NCCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● RedundancyWilmington, United StatesTop 5 in fibre worldwide (≈45% of fibre revenue across 5 players)2025
Link11●YOFC, WuhanCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● DependencyWuhan, China≈50% of global optical fibre production is Chinese2024
Link12●TSMC COUPE (co-packaged optics), HsinchuCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● RedundancyHsinchu, TaiwanFirst COUPE optical engines shipped with Nvidia (2025-2026)2025
Link11▲Somaïr (Orano), ArlitEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● DependencyArlit, Niger≈4–5% of world supply before the crisis; nationalisation announced June 20252025
Link30●ConverDyn / Honeywell, MetropolisEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● RedundancyMetropolis (Illinois), United StatesThe only conversion plant in the United States, restarted in 20232025
Link18●Westinghouse, VästeråsEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● RedundancyVästerås, SwedenThe only fully European VVER fuel fabrication2024
Link19●Framatome, Romans-sur-IsèreEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● RedundancyRomans-sur-Isère, FranceOne of the three big Western makers of PWR fuel2024
Link11●OPG / GE-Hitachi BWRX-300, DarlingtonEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● DependencyClarington (Ontario), CanadaFirst grid-scale SMR authorised in the G7 (April 2025)2025
Link35■Western PWR fleet, United States & EuropeEnergy & GridsNuclearIF 50● DependencyWaynesboro (Vogtle), United States≈25% of US enriched uranium came from Russia before the May 2024 law2024
Link11▲Uranium, Rössing & Husab (Namibia)Energy & GridsNuclearIF 50● DependencyArandis (Erongo), NamibiaNamibia ≈3rd global uranium producer (≈11%); Husab controlled by CGN (China)2024
Link13▲Olympic Dam, copper-uranium-gold (South Australia)Energy & GridsNuclearIF 50● DependencyRoxby Downs (SA), AustraliaLargest uranium resource in the world; ≈3,189 t U and ≈322 kt of copper (2024)2024
Link11●Cailabs, RennesCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● RedundancyRennes, FranceDeeptech (2013) specializing in beam shaping through multi-plane light conversion, for the laser industry, telecoms and space optical links.2024
Link11●Prophesee, ParisCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● RedundancyParis, FrancePioneer of bio-inspired event-based (neuromorphic) vision, around fifty patents, a sensor co-developed with Sony for smartphones.2024
Link11●Leukos, LimogesCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● DependencyLimoges, FranceManufacturer of supercontinuum laser sources, a spin-off of the XLIM laboratory (CNRS), covering from the ultraviolet (320 nm) to the mid-infrared (4500 nm).2024
Link11●Alpao, Montbonnot (Grenoble)Compute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● DependencyMontbonnot-Saint-Martin, FranceManufacturer of deformable mirrors (from 69 to more than 3000 actuators) for adaptive optics, more than 90 % of revenue from exports (spun out of IPAG, 2008).2024
Link11●Aledia, Champagnier (Grenoble)Compute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● RedundancyChampagnier, FranceDeeptech (2011, spun out of the CEA) developing microLEDs based on 3D gallium-nitride nanowires on silicon, close to 300 patent families.2024
Link11●Jenoptik, JenaCompute & DigitalPhotonicsIF 50● DependencyIéna, GermanyPhotonics group based in Jena, 1.12 Bn€ in revenue in 2024 and about 4600 employees, supplier of optics, lasers and optoelectronics to semiconductor equipment makers.2024
Link12●Global fleet of cable shipsFlows & MobilityChokepointsIF 48● DependencyBrest, World≈60–65 cable ships in service; average repair ≈40 days2024
Link14▲Escondida, copperEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyAtacama, ChileChile ≈23% of mined copper production2024
Link11▲Cobalt, KolweziEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyKolwezi, DR CongoDRC >75% of global cobalt extraction2024
Link33▲Bovanenkovo, Gazprom (Yamal)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyYamal, RussiaRussia ~14% of world natural gas output (2023)2023
Link11●Rosneft, Western SiberiaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyPriobskoïe, RussiaRussia ~11% of world oil output (2023)2023
Link10■Kuzbass coalEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyKemerovo, RussiaRussia ~3rd largest coal exporter (~15%)2024
Link29■Hassi R'Mel, SonatrachEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyHassi R'Mel, AlgeriaAlgeria ~3rd gas supplier to the EU (~12-14%, 2023)2023
Link11■Arzew LNG complexEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyArzew, AlgeriaAlgeria's main LNG outlet, one of the oldest complexes in the world2024
Link10■Athabasca oil sandsEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyFort McMurray, Canada~3rd largest oil reserves; ~97% of Canadian exports to the United States2024
Link11●ADNOC, Abu DhabiEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyRuwais, United Arab EmiratesUAE ~4% of world oil output2024
Link11■Permian BasinEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyMidland, United States~6% of world oil; heart of US shale2024
Link10■Troll, EquinorEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● Redundancymer du Nord, NorwayNorway ~30% of EU gas imports (2023)2023
Link10■Australian LNG, North WestEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyKarratha, AustraliaAustralia ~20% of world LNG (2023)2023
Link11▲Niger Delta oil, BonnyEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyPort Harcourt, NigeriaNigeria ~1st oil producer in Africa; Bonny Light crude2024
Link11■Copperbelt, DRC and ZambiaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyLubumbashi, DR CongoDRC ~3rd copper producer in the world; refining mostly in China2024
Link10■Oyu Tolgoi, Rio TintoEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyÖmnögovi, MongoliaOne of the largest copper-gold deposits on Earth, exporting almost entirely to China2024
Link10■Indonesian thermal coalEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyKalimantan, IndonesiaIndonesia ~1st thermal coal exporter in the world2024
Link21■Copper refining, GuixiEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyGuixi, China≈45-50% of global copper refining; capacity +83% since 20202024
Link13■Lithium refining, YichunEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyYichun, China≈60-70% of global battery-grade lithium refining2024
Link17●Hitachi Energy, South Boston, VirginiaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancySouth Boston, United StatesUS lead times: 128 to 210 weeks; supply deficit ≈30% in 20252025
Link13●Siemens Energy, CharlotteEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyCharlotte, United States≈$150m for transformer production by 20272024
Link11●SF6-free HV switchgear, ZurichEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyZurich, SwitzerlandSF6: GWP ≈24,300 × CO2; progressive EU ban 2026-20322024
Link12●Tesla Megafactory, LathropEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyLathrop (Californie), United StatesCapacity ≈40 GWh/yr; 31.4 GWh of storage deployed by Tesla in 20242024
Link12▲Lithium, Puna of Jujuy & Salta (Argentina)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyJujuy / Salta, ArgentinaReserves ≈28 Mt (world's largest); 4 brine operations, fastest growth2025
Link11▲Lithium, Salar de Uyuni (Bolivia)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencySalar d'Uyuni (Potosí), BoliviaResources ≈23 Mt (among the world's largest); commercial production near zero2024
Link12▲Copper, Cerro Verde & Las Bambas (Peru)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyArequipa / Apurímac, PeruPeru ≈3rd world producer (≈2.7 Mt); Cerro Verde + Las Bambas ≈0.8 Mt2024
Link11▲Oil, Stabroek block (Guyana)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyBassin de Guyana-Suriname, Guyana≈650,000 b/d (2024) → capacity ≈900,000 b/d (end 2025), operated by ExxonMobil2025
Link18▲Galkynysh, Turkmen gasEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyGalkynysh (Mary), Turkmenistan≈90% of Turkmen gas exports to China; ≈40 Gm³/yr (3 lines)2024
Link11●Coal India, Indian coalEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyDhanbad (Jharkhand), India≈785 Mt in 2024 (calendar year), world's leading coal company; India 2nd producer2024
Link12▲Kazakh copper, Aktogay & ZhezkazganEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyAktogay / Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan≈600 kt/yr; ≈9th global producer (KAZ Minerals 380 kt + Kazakhmys 171 kt, 2024)2024
Link10●North West Shelf, Karratha LNG (Australia)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyKarratha (WA), AustraliaAustralia's largest LNG terminal; operation extended to 2070 (approved 2025)2025
Link16▲Jadar project, lithium, Rio Tinto (Serbia)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyLoznica, SerbiaCould cover ≈90% of European lithium demand; licence reinstated July 20242024
Link11●Copper, KGHM, PolandEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyLubin, Poland≈730,000 t of copper in 2024; 2nd European producer2024
Link10■Nigerian LNG, Bonny (NLNG)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyBonny, Nigeria6th-largest LNG exporter worldwide (2024); NLNG Bonny plant ~22 Mt/yr2024
Link10▲Iranian oil, KhuzestanEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyAhvaz, Iran~3 Mb/d crude, 3rd-largest OPEC oil reserves, exports mostly to China2024
Link10▲US coal, Powder River BasinEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyGillette, United StatesPowder River (Wyoming/Montana) ~40% of US coal; output declining2024
Link10●Offshore wind, Orsted & the North SeaEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyCopenhague, Denmarkworld's largest offshore wind developer (~10.2 GW installed, 2025)2024
Link10▲Chinese oil, Daqing (CNPC)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyDaqing, ChinaDaqing China's largest field; China world's #1 crude importer (11.1 Mb/d in 2024)2024
Link10▲South African coal, Mpumalanga (Eskom)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyeMalahleni, South Africacoal ~85% of South African electricity (EIA: 88% in 2022; ~82-83% in 2024)2024
Link10▲Angolan oil, offshoreEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyLuanda, Angola~1.1 Mb/d (2024), 2nd-largest liquid fuels producer in sub-Saharan Africa (after Nigeria)2024
Link10▲Egyptian gas, Zohr (ENI)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyPort-Saïd, EgyptZohr, largest gas field ever discovered in the Mediterranean (~850 bcm / 30 Tcf in place)2024
Link10●Algerian oil & gas, SonatrachEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyHassi Messaoud, AlgeriaSonatrach largest energy company in Africa, gas supplier to Southern Europe (pipelines to Italy and Spain)2024
Link10▲Coking coal, Mongolia (Tavan Tolgoi)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyTavan Tolgoi, Mongoliacoking coal exported almost exclusively to China (100% of coal exports in Jan 2024)2024
Link10■Corn ethanol, Corn Belt (US)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyIowa, United StatesUSA ~45% of world fuel ethanol (2024) — 16.2 of 36.4 bn gal2024
Link10▲Israeli gas, Leviathan & TamarEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyHaïfa (offshore), IsraelLeviathan & Tamar, main gas suppliers to Egypt and Jordan (~90% of Leviathan output exported, 2024)2024
Link10▲Libyan oil, oil crescentEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyTripoli, Libye~1.2 Mb/d (late 2024), Africa's largest proved oil reserves (48 billion bbl, 41% of continent)2024
Link10▲Colombian coal, CerrejonEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyLa Guajira, ColombieCerrejón, largest open-pit coal mine in Latin America (~19-20 Mt in 2024), exports mostly to Europe2024
Link10▲Kuwaiti oil, Burgan fieldEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyKoweït, Koweït~2.7 Mb/d; Greater Burgan, world's 2nd-largest oil field2024
Link10▲Venezuelan oil, Orinoco BeltEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyPuerto Ordaz, VenezuelaWorld's largest proved reserves (~303 billion bbl); production collapsed to ~0.9-1.0 Mb/d (2024-2025) vs ~3.4 Mb/d in 19982024
Link10●Mexican oil, PemexEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyCiudad del Carmen, Mexico~1.6 Mb/d (crude+condensate, 2025, lowest in 46 years) and declining; Cantarell depleted2024
Link10▲Tengiz, Chevron (TCO)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyTengiz, Atyraou, KazakhstanTCO (Tengiz) targeting ~1 Mboe/d with FGP (2025); >80% of Kazakhstan's oil exports via the CPC pipeline2024
Link10●Wind Turbines and NdFeB Magnets (China)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyPékin, ChinaThe top 4 global turbine makers were all Chinese in 2024, Goldwind #1 with over 20 GW installed (GWEC); China ≈ 94% of sintered permanent magnets (IEA, 2024)2024
Link11■Imerys, EMILI lithium project (Échassières)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyÉchassières, FranceA lithium-mine project at the Beauvoir deposit (Allier), targeting about 34,000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide per year. The Banque des Territoires is investing 50 M€ on behalf of the state.2025
Link14■Verkor, Dunkerque gigafactoryEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyBourbourg (Dunkerque), FranceFirst low-carbon lithium-ion battery-cell gigafactory, inaugurated in December 2025, initial capacity of 16 GWh/year, expansion targeted up to 50 GWh by 2030.2025
Link14■ACC, Billy-Berclau/Douvrin gigafactoryEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyBilly-Berclau, FranceACC's first gigafactory, a joint venture of Stellantis, TotalEnergies and Mercedes-Benz, inaugurated in May 2023, an initial single-line capacity of 13 GWh, ramp-up targeted up to 40 GWh in 2030.2024
Link11●Eramet (SLN), New Caledonia nickelEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● DependencyNouméa, FranceThrough its subsidiary Société Le Nickel, Eramet produces ferronickel in New Caledonia. The group's nickel and manganese output fell in 2024 and net income dropped sharply.2024
Link11■Genvia, high-temperature electrolysis (Béziers)Energy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyBéziers, FranceA public-private joint venture developing SOEC high-temperature electrolysis in Béziers, a pilot line inaugurated in 2023 and a demonstrator targeting up to 200 kg of hydrogen per day, with start-up expected in early 2026.2025
Link11●Vulcan Energy, geothermal lithium from the Rhine GrabenEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancyLandau, GermanyA project to extract lithium from geothermal brine in the Upper Rhine Graben. Since April 2024, the LEOP plant has been producing high-purity lithium chloride. The EIB has granted 250 M€ in financing.2024
Link11●Northvolt, Skellefteå gigafactoryEnergy & GridsGrids & EnergyIF 47● RedundancySkellefteå, SwedenA former European battery champion. After a Chapter 11 filing in the United States in November 2024, Northvolt declared bankruptcy in Sweden in March 2025. Its assets, including the Skellefteå plant, were taken over by Lyten in 2025.2025
Link11●Sapphire substrates & tantalum filmsCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● Dependencydiffus, United States / JapanNiobium → tantalum shift: transmon coherence > 0.3 ms (≈×2-5)2024
Link13●Superconducting coaxial cables, Coax Co, YokohamaCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● DependencyYokohama, JapanThermal conductivity ≈1/3000 of copper; up to 40-65 GHz2024
Link11●Cryo isolators & circulators, QuinStar, TorranceCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● DependencyTorrance (Californie), United StatesIsolation up to ≈44 dB; functional down to the millikelvin2024
Link11●Cryogenic control electronicsCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● DependencyTel-Aviv · Delft, Israel / NetherlandsControl chips at 4 K and 10-20 mK (IEEE VLSI 2024)2024
Link12●Ultra-stable lasers & ULE cavitiesCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● DependencyMunich · Boulder, Germany / United StatesLinewidth < 1 Hz; instability ≈5×10⁻¹⁶ (ULE cavity)2024
Link12●Ion traps, IonQ & QuantinuumCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyCollege Park · Broomfield, United States2-qubit fidelities > 99.9%2025
Link14●Quantum photonics, PsiQuantum / GlobalFoundriesCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyMalta (New York), United StatesOmega chipset in silicon photonics (GlobalFoundries Fab 8)2025
Link42■Quantum machines & sensors, optical clocksCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● DependencyBoulder (Colorado), United StatesOptical clocks at ≈10⁻¹⁸; computing, sensors, metrology2025
Link30●Pasqal, MassyCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyMassy, FranceEuropean leader in neutral-atom quantum computing, loading of more than 1000 atoms demonstrated in 2024, co-founded with Nobel laureate Alain Aspect.2024
Link38●Alice & Bob, ParisCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyParis, FrancePioneer of superconducting cat qubits, bit-flip lifetime reported beyond one hour in 2025, around 130 M€ raised.2025
Link12●C12 Quantum Electronics, ParisCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyParis, FranceParis start-up developing spin qubits on isotopically purified carbon nanotubes (carbon 12), with a patented nanometer-scale assembly process.2025
Link15●Quobly (ex-Siquance), GrenobleCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyGrenoble, FranceCEA-Leti and CNRS spin-off (formerly Siquance), silicon spin qubits on 300 mm FD-SOI, 115 M€ Series A announced in 2026, partnership with STMicroelectronics.2025
Link29●Welinq, ParisCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyParis, FranceSpin-off of Sorbonne Université, CNRS and PSL, neutral-atom quantum memories to interconnect processors, reported record efficiency of 90 %.2024
Link11●Qblox, DelftCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyDelft, NetherlandsSpin-off of QuTech (Delft), modular quantum control electronics targeting thousands of qubits, described as the largest quantum company in the Netherlands.2024
Link30●Oxford Instruments NanoScience, AbingdonCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyAbingdon, United KingdomOne of the world's few manufacturers of dilution refrigerators (Proteox range) for quantum, an alternative to Bluefors, supplier to Rigetti and Oxford Quantum Circuits.2025
Link12●attocube systems, MunichCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● DependencyMunich, GermanyFounded in 2001, a maker of liquid-helium-free attoDRY optical cryostats and cryogenic piezo nanopositioners, a subsidiary of the WITTENSTEIN group.2024
Link37●IQM Quantum Computers, EspooCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyEspoo, FinlandEuropean leader in superconducting quantum computing, a spin-off of Aalto and VTT (2018), 275 M€ raised in a Series B in September 2025, presented as the largest European quantum round.2025
Link11●Oxford Quantum Circuits, ReadingCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyReading, United KingdomFounded in 2017, superconducting computers with a proprietary Coaxmon qubit, the first European provider of Quantum-Compute-as-a-Service, with systems deployed in the UK, the US, Japan and Spain.2025
Link11●Quantum Motion, LondonCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyLondres, United KingdomFounded in 2017 (a spin-off of Oxford and UCL), in September 2025 it delivered a full-stack silicon CMOS quantum computer to the UK National Quantum Computing Centre, on a 300 mm process.2025
Link11●CryptoNext Security, ParisCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyParis, FranceFounded in 2019 (an Inria / Sorbonne Université spin-off), a post-quantum cryptography vendor, 11 M€ raised, with technologies used for the first post-quantum diplomatic message between Paris and Washington.2024
Link11●Orange Quantum Systems, DelftCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● DependencyDelft, NetherlandsHigh-throughput test and diagnostic equipment for quantum chips (the OrangeQS MAX product), a 12 M€ seed round closed.2024
Link11●kiutra, MunichCompute & DigitalQuantum & CryogenicsIF 45● RedundancyMunich, GermanyA spin-off of the Technical University of Munich, magnetic refrigeration systems (adiabatic demagnetization) with no liquid helium, offering continuous sub-kelvin cooling.2024
Link14●MP Materials, Mountain PassMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● RedundancyCalifornie, United StatesLeading rare-earth mine outside China2024
Link32●Lynas, KuantanMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● RedundancyKuantan, MalaysiaLeading rare-earth refiner outside China2024
Link11▲Kachin State mines, Panwa / ChipwiMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● DependencyPanwa, Myanmar≈50% of China's heavy rare earth supply before October 20242024
Link11▲Mount Weld, LavertonMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● RedundancyLaverton, AustraliaFeeds Lynas, the leading producer of separated rare earths outside China2025
Link30●Solvay, La RochelleMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● RedundancyLa Rochelle, FranceNdPr line inaugurated April 2025; target of 30% of European magnet demand in 20302025
Link11●Magnet recycling, Cyclic Materials, KingstonMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● RedundancyKingston, CanadaFewer than ≈1% of magnet rare earths are recycled worldwide2024
Link14●Shin-Etsu magnets, EchizenMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● DependencyEchizen, JapanSix magnet sites; Vietnam capacity doubled to 2,200 t/year2025
Link37●Vacuumschmelze, HanauMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● DependencyHanau, GermanyEurope's leading maker of NdFeB magnets2024
Link11●e-VAC Magnetics, SumterMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● RedundancySumter (Caroline du Sud), United States≈1,600 t/year targeted; plant completed late 2025, first deliveries2025
Link34■EV motors & wind turbines, global industryMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● DependencyChicago, United States≈1–3 kg of NdFeB per EV motor; ≈600 kg/MW for offshore wind2025
Link34●Lockheed Martin F-35, Fort WorthMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● DependencyFort Worth (Texas), United States≈417 kg of rare earths per F-35; samarium under Chinese export control2025
Link11▲Per Geijer, LKAB, Kiruna (Sweden)Materials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● RedundancyKiruna, Sweden≈1.3 Mt of rare-earth oxides; largest known deposit in Europe (2023)2023
Link13▲Kvanefjeld (Kuannersuit), GreenlandMaterials & MetalsRare EarthsIF 39● RedundancyNarsaq, GreenlandOne of the world's largest rare-earth oxide deposits; blocked since 20212024