Cross-section Quantum & Cryogenics, Antifragile

View on the map →IF method →Read from surface (top) to matter (bottom). Hover a node to reveal what it depends on.

0Machines & applications1

■Quantum machines & sensors, optical clocks

Optical clocks at ≈10⁻¹⁸; computing, sensors, metrology

Dependency· NIST (Boulder)

−IQuantum processors3

●Superconducting qubits, IBM & Google

2-qubit fidelities ≈99.9%; coherence up to ≈0.3-0.6 ms

Critical node· IBM Quantum (Yorktown Heights)↑ Quantum uses

●Ion traps, IonQ & Quantinuum

2-qubit fidelities > 99.9%

Redundancy· IonQ (College Park)↑ Quantum uses

●Quantum photonics, PsiQuantum / GlobalFoundries

Omega chipset in silicon photonics (GlobalFoundries Fab 8)

Redundancy· PsiQuantum (Palo Alto)↑ Quantum uses

−IIControl & signal3

●Cryo isolators & circulators, QuinStar, Torrance

Isolation up to ≈44 dB; functional down to the millikelvin

Dependency· QuinStar Technology (Torrance)↑ Superconducting qubits

●Cryogenic control electronics

Control chips at 4 K and 10-20 mK (IEEE VLSI 2024)

Dependency· Quantum Machines (Tel Aviv)↑ Superconducting qubits

●Ultra-stable lasers & ULE cavities

Linewidth < 1 Hz; instability ≈5×10⁻¹⁶ (ULE cavity)

Dependency· TOPTICA (Munich)↑ Ion traps, Quantum uses

−IIICryogenic components3

●Dilution refrigerators, Bluefors, Helsinki

World's leading maker; Bluefors + Oxford Instruments > 70% of the market

Critical node· Bluefors (Helsinki)↑ Superconducting qubits, Quantum photonics

●4 K pulse tubes, Cryomech & Sumitomo

World duopoly on 4 K pulse-tube cold heads

Critical node· Cryomech / Bluefors (Syracuse)↑ Bluefors

●Superconducting coaxial cables, Coax Co, Yokohama

Thermal conductivity ≈1/3000 of copper; up to 40-65 GHz

Dependency· Coax Co (Yokohama)↑ Bluefors

−IVCryogens & isotopic materials3

▲Helium-3, Savannah River

≈5 kg/year sold worldwide; by-product of military tritium

Critical node· NNSA / DOE Isotope Program (Savannah River)↑ Bluefors

●Enriched silicon-28, Silex, Sydney

≈20 kg/year targeted (first production module, 2023-2026)

Critical node· Silex Systems / Translucent (Sydney)↑ Superconducting qubits

●Sapphire substrates & tantalum films

Niobium → tantalum shift: transmon coherence > 0.3 ms (≈×2-5)

Dependency· IBM Research (Yorktown)↑ Superconducting qubits