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Platforms & infrastructure
Cloud · OS · payments · standards
80fragility index
21 records15 critical1st : United States (71%)
View on the map →IF method →Read from surface (top) to matter (bottom). Hover a node to reveal what it depends on.
0Services & marchés11
●International Group of P&I Clubs
≈90% of ocean-going tonnage covered (2024)
Critical node· International Group of P&I Clubs
●Open registries (Panama, Liberia, Marshall Is.)
≈46.5% of world deadweight tonnage (2024)
Critical node· Panama registry
●Commodity trading (Glencore, Trafigura, Vitol)
Glencore, Vitol, Trafigura and Mercuria are among the largest independent trading houses, moving a major share of oil and metals (Vitol/Trafigura lead oil, Glencore/Trafigura lead metals)
Critical node· Glencore
●Search & advertising, Google
Google ~90% of world web search; pillar of online advertising
Critical node· Google
●App stores, App Store & Play
Android (~69%) and iOS (~31%) form a near-duopoly (>99%) of mobile OS — App Store + Google Play as the gateway for apps
Critical node· Apple
●Credit rating agencies, Moody's, S&P, Fitch
Moody's + S&P + Fitch hold ~95% of the global credit rating market (Moody's ~40%, S&P ~40%, Fitch ~15%)
Critical node· Moody's
●Reinsurance, Munich Re & Swiss Re
Swiss Re, Munich Re and Hannover Re are the global core of reinsurance — top 3 by 2024 gross premiums written (Swiss Re overtook Munich Re in 2024)
Critical node· Munich Re
●Derivatives markets, CME & ICE
CME (CBOT grains, NYMEX/WTI, rates) and ICE (Brent) set world reference prices for oil, grains and interest rates
Critical node· CME Group
●Marketplaces, Amazon & Alibaba
Amazon & Alibaba/PDD anchor a major share of global e-commerce (Amazon #1 by GMV ~$847B in 2025; Alibaba and PDD/Pinduoduo among the global top players)
Dependency· Amazon
●Social networks, Meta
Meta (FB/Insta/WhatsApp) ~3.58 billion daily active people (family of apps, Dec. 2025)
Dependency· Meta
●Financial indices, MSCI & S&P
MSCI, S&P DJI and FTSE Russell benchmark tens of trillions of dollars (~$18T MSCI, ~$27.7T S&P DJI, ~$12T Russell US)
Dependency· MSCI
−IPlateformes de calcul1
−IIInfrastructure & réseaux3
●Payment cards, Visa & Mastercard
Outside China, Visa + Mastercard are a near-duopoly of card payments; UnionPay is <1% of global purchase volume once China is excluded
Critical node· Visa
●Interbank messaging, SWIFT
SWIFT links over 11,000 institutions across ~200 countries; backbone of cross-border payments
Critical node· SWIFT
●CDN & web security, Cloudflare & Akamai
Cloudflare protects ~24% of all websites (≈84% of the reverse-proxy/CDN market), far ahead of Amazon CloudFront (~6%), Fastly (~3%) and Akamai (~2%)
Dependency· Cloudflare
−IIIStandards & protocoles6
●Classification societies (IACS)
12 members ≈90% of world tonnage (2025)
Critical node· IACS
●Browser engine, Chromium (Google)
Chrome ~70% of the web; ~80% counting all Chromium browsers (Edge, Opera, Samsung)
Critical node· Google (Chromium)
●Mobile OS, Android & iOS
Android + iOS ~99% of smartphones; Google/Apple duopoly
Critical node· Google (Android)
▲DNS root & ICANN
13 root-server identities (A through M), run by 12 operators, under IANA/ICANN governance — the internet's root directory
Critical node· ICANN
●Certificate authorities (TLS/SSL)
Let's Encrypt dominates HTTPS certificates (~65% of sites), ahead of Sectigo, GoDaddy and DigiCert (DigiCert leads enterprise/EV but is marginal by volume)
Dependency· Let's Encrypt (ISRG)
●PC OS, Microsoft Windows
Windows ~57% of desktop computers (now below 60%)
Dependency· Microsoft