Cu
Compute
AI accelerators · advanced packaging
53fragility index
27 records12 critical1st : United States (26%)
View on the map →IF method →Read from surface (top) to matter (bottom). Hover a node to reveal what it depends on.
0Surface, deployment9
●Nvidia, Santa Clara
≈92% of the datacenter GPU market (revenue)
Critical node· Nvidia (Santa Clara)↑ Data centers
●Innolight, Suzhou
2024 revenue: CNY 23.86bn (+122.6%); ≈35% of 800G shipments
Critical node· Zhongji Innolight (Suzhou)↑ Data centers
●InfiniBand / NVLink, Nvidia-Mellanox
≈80% of datacenter switches; ≈85–90% of AI clusters
Critical node· Nvidia / Mellanox (Yokneam / Santa Clara)↑ Data centers
●Datacenter power supplies, Delta Electronics
Delta no. 1; Delta+Lite-On+AE+Huawei >60% of AI PSUs
Critical node· Delta Electronics (Taipei)↑ Data centers
●Power grid, Virginia (Dominion)
Datacenters: 4.4% of US electricity in 2023, 6.7–12% projected in 2028 (LBNL)
Dependency· Dominion Energy (Richmond)↑ Data centers
●Liquid cooling, Vertiv & DLC
Direct-to-chip: the dominant liquid-cooling technology (majority of the market)
Dependency· Vertiv (Westerville)↑ Data centers
■AI data centers, the bottleneck migrates
The constraint is no longer silicon: it is the megawatt
Dependency· Hyperscalers (AWS, Microsoft, Google, Meta)
●High-speed copper cables, Amphenol
>5,000 copper cables per GB200 NVL72 rack (≈3 km)
Dependency· Amphenol (Wallingford)↑ Data centers
●Inverters & UPS, Schneider · Vertiv · Eaton
Oligopoly; lead times stretched to several quarters (2024-2025)
Dependency· Schneider Electric (Rueil-Malmaison)↑ Data centers
−IPackaging & substrates7
●Ibiden, Ogaki
≈70–80% of the most complex substrates (20+ layers)
Critical node· Ibiden (Ogaki)↑ CoWoS
■CoWoS advanced packaging, TSMC Tainan
2024–2025 capacity booked by Nvidia + AMD alone
Critical node· TSMC (packaging, Tainan)↑ Nvidia
●SK Hynix, Icheon
≈54% of the HBM market (2024), up to 62% in 2025
Critical node· SK Hynix (Icheon)↑ CoWoS
■Silicon interposer, TSMC (Chiayi)
Interposers > a litho field size; assembled by "stitching"
Critical node· TSMC (advanced packaging, Chiayi / Tainan)↑ CoWoS
●Thermal interface materials, TIM
A few-µm film dissipating ≈1,000 W per accelerator
Dependency· Honeywell (Charlotte)↑ Nvidia
●ASE, Kaohsiung
World's leading OSAT; +≈50–60,000 CoWoS-type wafers/month at OSATs by end 2026
Redundancy· ASE Technology (Kaohsiung)↑ Nvidia
■Amkor, Peoria, Arizona
First US advanced-packaging site, under construction, opening ≈2027-2028
Redundancy· Amkor Technology (Tempe / Peoria)↑ Nvidia
−IIFabrication5
●TSMC, HsinchuDossier
≈74% of wafer revenue in advanced nodes (Q4 2024)
Critical node· TSMC (Hsinchu, Tainan)↑ CoWoS, OSAT
●OLED & LCD displays, Samsung / LG / BOE
Samsung Display leads OLED (~52% large-area), LG Display 2nd; BOE #1 panel maker (LCD)
Dependency· Samsung Display
●HDI printed circuit boards, Taiwan & China
China #1 PCB producer (~51% of output, Prismark); major Taiwan-HQ makers
Dependency· Unimicron
■Mature-node chips, China
China: ~29% of global mature-node (28nm+) capacity in 2023, ~33% projected by 2027
Dependency· SMIC
■TSMC Fab 21, Phoenix
N4 volume production since late 2024; ≈2–3% of TSMC's advanced capacity
Redundancy· TSMC Arizona (Phoenix)↑ CoWoS, Amkor Peoria
−IIIMaterials & equipment7
●Ajinomoto Fine-Techno, Kawasaki
≈95% of global ABF insulating film (80–98% depending on scope)
Critical node· Ajinomoto Fine-Techno (Kawasaki)↑ FC-BGA substrates
●ASML, VeldhovenDossier
100% of the EUV lithography market
Critical node· ASML (Veldhoven)↑ TSMC, Arizona fab
●CMOS image sensors, Sony
Sony ~50% of smartphone CMOS image sensors (~42% of total CIS market)
Critical node· Sony Semiconductor
●MLCC ceramic capacitors, Murata
~4.3 trillion MLCC produced per year (Murata >40%, Samsung ~24%)
Critical node· Murata
●Power semiconductors (IGBT, SiC)
Infineon #1 worldwide in power semiconductors (IGBT/discretes)
Critical node· Infineon
●Smartphone lenses, Largan (Taiwan)
Largan #1 in high-end plastic smartphone lenses (~31% value; Sunny Optical leads by volume)
Dependency· Largan Precision
●Quartz oscillators, Japan
Japan dominates quartz crystal oscillators (>30% of output; Epson, NDK, Kyocera, KDS)
Dependency· Seiko Epson
−IVMaterial2