Pw
Grids & Energy
Transformers · copper · lithium
47fragility index
92 records34 critical1st : China (15%)
View on the map →IF method →Read from surface (top) to matter (bottom). Hover a node to reveal what it depends on.
0Smart grid & consumption4
●Itron, Liberty Lake
Itron >13% of the global smart-meter market
Critical node· Itron (Liberty Lake)↑ Data centers
■Itaipu Dam, Brazil & Paraguay
14 GW; ~2nd-largest hydro plant, supplies much of Paraguay and southern Brazil
Critical node· Itaipu Binacional
■Three Gorges Dam
22,500 MW installed ; 103.6 TWh generated in 2024
Critical node· China Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC)
■AI data centers, the bottleneck migrates
The constraint is no longer silicon: it is the megawatt
Dependency· Hyperscalers (AWS, Microsoft, Google, Meta)
−IStorage & switchgear4
●CATL, Ningde
China ≈59–72% of lithium refining · ≈90% of graphite
Critical node· CATL (Ningde)↑ Grid batteries, Data centers
●Chinese nuclear, CNNC & CGN
China world's top builder of nuclear reactors (~39 under construction, 2026)
Critical node· CNNC
●SF6-free HV switchgear, Zurich
SF6: GWP ≈24,300 × CO2; progressive EU ban 2026-2032
Redundancy· Hitachi Energy (Zurich)↑ HVDC
●Tesla Megafactory, Lathrop
Capacity ≈40 GWh/yr; 31.4 GWh of storage deployed by Tesla in 2024
Redundancy· Tesla Energy (Lathrop)↑ Data centers
−IIGrid equipment9
●Hitachi Energy HVDC, Ludvika
Western top 3 ≈60-65% of 2025 HVDC orders
Critical node· Hitachi Energy (Ludvika)↑ Data centers
●Prysmian, Pikkala
3 European players ≈75% of HVDC cable; order books up to 12 years
Critical node· Prysmian (Milan)↑ Cable-laying ships, HVDC
●NKT, Karlskrona
Offshore wind ≈45% of NKT's high-voltage order book
Critical node· NKT (Copenhagen)↑ Cable-laying ships
●HV cable-laying fleet, Naples
≈60 capable ships worldwide; only 4 new ones delivered 2020-2024
Critical node· Prysmian Marine (Naples)
●State Grid Corporation of China
≈ 1.1 billion customers served (2023); 3rd-largest company worldwide by revenue, ≈ US$546bn (Fortune Global 500, 2024)
Critical node· State Grid Corporation of China
●Offshore wind, Orsted & the North Sea
world's largest offshore wind developer (~10.2 GW installed, 2025)
Dependency· Orsted
●Wind Turbines and NdFeB Magnets (China)
The top 4 global turbine makers were all Chinese in 2024, Goldwind #1 with over 20 GW installed (GWEC); China ≈ 94% of sintered permanent magnets (IEA, 2024)
Dependency· Goldwind
●Hitachi Energy, South Boston, Virginia
US lead times: 128 to 210 weeks; supply deficit ≈30% in 2025
Redundancy· Hitachi Energy (Zurich)↑ Data centers
●Siemens Energy, Charlotte
≈$150m for transformer production by 2027
Redundancy· Siemens Energy (Munich)↑ Data centers
−IIIRefining & materials12
●GOES electrical steel, Cleveland-Cliffs
Sole domestic GOES producer · lead times up to 48 months
Critical node· Cleveland-Cliffs (Butler, Zanesville)↑ HV transformers, US transformers
●Reliance, Jamnagar (India)
≈1.24 Mb/d, largest single-site refinery in the world; complexity index 21.1
Critical node· Reliance Industries (Jamnagar)
●Lithium-ion battery separators
SEMCORP #1 globally; Asahi Kasei #1 ex-China; top 5 (incl. Toray, SKIET) ~60% of capacity
Critical node· SEMCORP
■Electrolytes & LiPF6, China
China >70% of global LiPF6 capacity and most electrolyte
Critical node· Tinci Materials
●Cathode precursors (pCAM), China & Korea
China ~85% of cathode materials (LFP ~99%; NMC >75%); Korea ~9%, a distant #2
Critical node· CNGR
■Refining, US Gulf Coast
The Gulf Coast holds ~half of US refining capacity, the Western world's largest
Critical node· ExxonMobil
●Sinopec, China refining
China ~18.5 Mb/d refining capacity (world's 1st, 2023); Sinopec ~5.9 Mb/d
Critical node· Sinopec
■Solar PV Supply Chain (China)
Over 80% of global capacity at each stage; near 95% for polysilicon and wafers; Xinjiang ≈ 40% of world polysilicon (IEA, 2022)
Critical node· Longi
■Copper refining, Guixi
≈45-50% of global copper refining; capacity +83% since 2020
Dependency· Jiangxi Copper (Guixi)↑ HV transformers, HV submarine cables, 525 kV cables
■Lithium refining, Yichun
≈60-70% of global battery-grade lithium refining
Dependency· Ganfeng Lithium (Xinyu)↑ CATL
■Nigerian LNG, Bonny (NLNG)
6th-largest LNG exporter worldwide (2024); NLNG Bonny plant ~22 Mt/yr
Dependency· NLNG
■Corn ethanol, Corn Belt (US)
USA ~45% of world fuel ethanol (2024) — 16.2 of 36.4 bn gal
Dependency· POET
−IVMines & metals42
▲Copper, Kamoa-Kakula, Katanga (DR Congo)
DRC ≈2nd global copper producer (≈3 Mt), ahead of Peru
Critical node· Ivanhoe Mines, Kamoa-Kakula (Kolwezi)
▲Lithium, Salar de Atacama (Chile)
Chile ≈2nd world producer (reserves 13 Mt); 2 brine operations
Critical node· SQM (Antofagasta)↑ Refined lithium
●Copper, Codelco / Chuquicamata (Chile)
Chile ≈23% of world mine production (≈5.3 Mt); Codelco leading producer (company)
Critical node· Codelco (Santiago)↑ Refined copper
▲Ghawar, Saudi Aramco
Saudi Arabia ~12% of world oil output; Ghawar the largest conventional field
Critical node· Saudi Aramco↑ Jamnagar
▲Greenbushes, lithium (Western Australia)
≈1/3 of world hard-rock lithium; largest hard-rock mine in the world
Critical node· Talison Lithium (Greenbushes)↑ Refined lithium
●Norwegian gas, Equinor, North Sea
≈30% of EU gas; >109 bcm exported; leading supplier since 2022
Critical node· Equinor (Stavanger)↑ Bovanenkovo
▲Australian coal, Bowen Basin & Newcastle
World's top metallurgical coal exporter; ~2nd thermal coal (~350 Mt exported/yr)
Critical node· BHP Mitsubishi Alliance
▲Iraqi oil, Rumaila & Basra
OPEC's 2nd producer (~4.3 Mb/d); giant Rumaila field
Critical node· Basra Oil Company
●Brazilian oil, pre-salt, Petrobras
~3.4 Mb/d; Latin America's top producer, Santos Basin pre-salt fields
Critical node· Petrobras
▲Chinese coal (Shanxi, Inner Mongolia)
≈50% of world coal output ; on the order of 4,700 Mt (2024)
Critical node· China Energy Investment Corp (Shenhua)
▲US natural gas and LNG
World's top gas producer (≈38 tcf, 2024) ; top LNG exporter (11.9 bcf/d, 2024)
Critical node· ExxonMobil
▲South Pars, Iran (NIOC)
Iran ~16% of world gas reserves (2nd, 2023); South Pars ~70% of Iran's gas output
Critical node· NIOC
▲Escondida, copper
Chile ≈23% of mined copper production
Dependency· BHP / Escondida↑ Refined copper
▲Cobalt, Kolwezi
DRC >75% of global cobalt extraction
Dependency· Glencore↑ CATL
▲Lithium, Salar de Uyuni (Bolivia)
Resources ≈23 Mt (among the world's largest); commercial production near zero
Dependency· YLB, Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (Potosí)
▲Copper, Cerro Verde & Las Bambas (Peru)
Peru ≈3rd world producer (≈2.7 Mt); Cerro Verde + Las Bambas ≈0.8 Mt
Dependency· Freeport-McMoRan (Cerro Verde)↑ Refined copper
▲Galkynysh, Turkmen gas
≈90% of Turkmen gas exports to China; ≈40 Gm³/yr (3 lines)
Dependency· Türkmengaz (Ashgabat)
●Coal India, Indian coal
≈785 Mt in 2024 (calendar year), world's leading coal company; India 2nd producer
Dependency· Coal India Ltd (Kolkata)
▲Kazakh copper, Aktogay & Zhezkazgan
≈600 kt/yr; ≈9th global producer (KAZ Minerals 380 kt + Kazakhmys 171 kt, 2024)
Dependency· KAZ Minerals (Aktogay)
▲Pilbara iron ore
Australia ~35% of world iron ore; core of the export trade
Dependency· BHP
●North West Shelf, Karratha LNG (Australia)
Australia's largest LNG terminal; operation extended to 2070 (approved 2025)
Dependency· Woodside Energy (Perth)
▲Niger Delta oil, Bonny
Nigeria ~1st oil producer in Africa; Bonny Light crude
Dependency· NNPC
▲Bovanenkovo, Gazprom (Yamal)
Russia ~14% of world natural gas output (2023)
Dependency· Gazprom (Yamal)
▲Iranian oil, Khuzestan
~3 Mb/d crude, 3rd-largest OPEC oil reserves, exports mostly to China
Dependency· National Iranian Oil Company
▲US coal, Powder River Basin
Powder River (Wyoming/Montana) ~40% of US coal; output declining
Dependency· Peabody Energy
▲Chinese oil, Daqing (CNPC)
Daqing China's largest field; China world's #1 crude importer (11.1 Mb/d in 2024)
Dependency· PetroChina (CNPC)
▲South African coal, Mpumalanga (Eskom)
coal ~85% of South African electricity (EIA: 88% in 2022; ~82-83% in 2024)
Dependency· Eskom
▲Angolan oil, offshore
~1.1 Mb/d (2024), 2nd-largest liquid fuels producer in sub-Saharan Africa (after Nigeria)
Dependency· TotalEnergies
▲Egyptian gas, Zohr (ENI)
Zohr, largest gas field ever discovered in the Mediterranean (~850 bcm / 30 Tcf in place)
Dependency· ENI
●Algerian oil & gas, Sonatrach
Sonatrach largest energy company in Africa, gas supplier to Southern Europe (pipelines to Italy and Spain)
Dependency· Sonatrach
▲Coking coal, Mongolia (Tavan Tolgoi)
coking coal exported almost exclusively to China (100% of coal exports in Jan 2024)
Dependency· Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi
▲Israeli gas, Leviathan & Tamar
Leviathan & Tamar, main gas suppliers to Egypt and Jordan (~90% of Leviathan output exported, 2024)
Dependency· Chevron
▲Libyan oil, oil crescent
~1.2 Mb/d (late 2024), Africa's largest proved oil reserves (48 billion bbl, 41% of continent)
Dependency· National Oil Corporation
▲Colombian coal, Cerrejon
Cerrejón, largest open-pit coal mine in Latin America (~19-20 Mt in 2024), exports mostly to Europe
Dependency· Cerrejon (Glencore)
▲Kuwaiti oil, Burgan field
~2.7 Mb/d; Greater Burgan, world's 2nd-largest oil field
Dependency· Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
▲Venezuelan oil, Orinoco Belt
World's largest proved reserves (~303 billion bbl); production collapsed to ~0.9-1.0 Mb/d (2024-2025) vs ~3.4 Mb/d in 1998
Dependency· PDVSA
●Mexican oil, Pemex
~1.6 Mb/d (crude+condensate, 2025, lowest in 46 years) and declining; Cantarell depleted
Dependency· Pemex
▲Tengiz, Chevron (TCO)
TCO (Tengiz) targeting ~1 Mboe/d with FGP (2025); >80% of Kazakhstan's oil exports via the CPC pipeline
Dependency· Chevron (TCO)
▲Lithium, Puna of Jujuy & Salta (Argentina)
Reserves ≈28 Mt (world's largest); 4 brine operations, fastest growth
Redundancy· Ganfeng (Cauchari-Olaroz)↑ Refined lithium
▲Oil, Stabroek block (Guyana)
≈650,000 b/d (2024) → capacity ≈900,000 b/d (end 2025), operated by ExxonMobil
Redundancy· ExxonMobil (operator, 45%)
▲Jadar project, lithium, Rio Tinto (Serbia)
Could cover ≈90% of European lithium demand; licence reinstated July 2024
Redundancy· Rio Tinto (London / Melbourne)↑ EV & wind
●Copper, KGHM, Poland
≈730,000 t of copper in 2024; 2nd European producer
Redundancy· KGHM Polska Miedź (Lubin)↑ GOES